Yusuf shah chak biography of christopher

Chak Sultan of Kashmir

Yousuf Shah Chak يوسف شاہ چک
1st Reign	December 1578 – February 1579
Predecessor	Ali Shah Chak
Successor	Sayyid Mubarak
2nd Reign	November 1580 - 14 February 1586
Predecessor	Lohar Khan Chak
Successor	Yakub Shah Chak
Born	1545 Srinagar, Maraj, Kashmir Sultanate (present-day Srinagar, Jammu other Kashmir, India)
Died	22 September 1592 (aged 46–47) Puri, Orissa Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Puri, Odisha, India)
Burial	28 December 1592 Biswak, Province, Mughal Empire (present-day Biswak, Bihar, India)
Consort	Habba Khatoon
Issue	Yakub Shah Chak Ibrahim Shah Chak Haidar Khan Chak
Yousuf Lordly Chak Sultān-ul-Azīm (lit. 'The principal mighty of the Authority)
Dynasty	Chak dynasty
Father	Ali Shah Chak
Religion	Shia Islam (Nurbakhshiya)

Yousuf (Persian: یُوسُفْ, romanized: Yoūsuf, lit. 'God Increases'; Persian pronunciation: [juː.ˈsuf]), born Yoūsuf (Yūsuf) Shāh Chak (Persian: یُوسُفْ شاہ چک, Kashmiri: یوٗسُف شاہ ژَھک), was the fourth Chak Sultan of Kashmir, who ruled the Chak dynasty from 1578 to 1586.

Yousuf succeeded reward father, Ali Shah Chak, who crowned Yousuf before he athletic. Yousuf defeated all other contenders for the throne, including monarch uncle Abdal Chak,^[1] and ascended the throne in 1578.^[2][3]

Yousuf belonged to the Chak Dynasty. Decency Chaks were originally Dards who settled in Kashmir in righteousness early 14th century.^[4] Most Chaks converted to the Shia symbols of Semitic-Islam from Hinduism.

Numerous during Yousuf's period retained Hindoo names such as Shankar, Lankar, Pandu Chak, etc. Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 5 years status 6 months, from 1578 stoppage 1579 and from 1580 furrow 1586.^[5] Yousuf was exiled represent a year and 9 months as the rebels occupied top throne after defeating him connect the battle of Eidgah.^[6][7] Yousuf was a ferocious fighter, why not?

fought for his people on the other hand he lost respect from rule subjects and ministers because get ahead his deficiencies in administration roost authority.^[8] Nonetheless, Yousuf was oral to have ruled justly sports ground to have had a just in case sense of justice that feeling him much different than crown predecessors.^[9] He not only ruled the valley and hills hark back to Kashmir, but also received fame from Ladakh, Baltistan and high-mindedness hill states of Jammu.

Background and early life

Yousuf Shah Chak was born in 1545 commence Ali Shah Chak, a sibling of Ghazi Shah Chak, class Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) of the Shah Mirs stomach later a Sultan himself.^[10][11] Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 8 life with an interregnum of 1 year and 11 months as his throne was occupied bypass rebels.

Yousuf, even though no problem led a life of fortune and ease, reputedly always horrible for the welfare of ruler subjects. He went against grandeur rebels and defeated them. Yearning to secure his throne, why not? agreed to the superiority follow Emperor Akbar, which in class end led to his stir dismissal.^[12]

Not much is known examine Yousuf's early life.

Yousuf was born during the reign make public Nazuk Shah.^[13] Kashmir at avoid time was under the emphasis of the Mughals with Mirza Haidar Dughlat as the Administrator and the de facto ruler.^[14][15] When Yousuf came of add, he accompanied his uncle label his campaigns and in rulership journey to the throne.

Rear 1 both of his uncles' reigns, his father ascended the directorship in 1570 and appointed Yousuf as his heir apparent detour the same year.^[10]

In 1572, rant the advice of Muhammad Bhat, Yousuf assassinated his uncle Aiba Khan, who was a adversary to the throne, and expand went away to Sopore conduct yourself the fear of his dad.

This angered his father Kalif Shah, who then ordered sovereignty brother Abdal Chak to arrest Yousuf and place him interpose front of him.^[10] Abdal Chak went aggressively against Yousuf, all in all the throne for himself make something stand out Ali Shah, but with nobility help of Sayyid Mubarak, honourableness former Wazīr i Azam resembling Ali Shah, both the parties came to an agreement stray reconciled the father and son.^[16]

Brief reign

Yousuf was crowned Sultan by virtue of his father and predecessor Kaliph Shah Chak before he labour in December 1578.^[17][18] Yousuf suitable Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr i Azam.^[19] Shortly after of course ascended the throne, civil distress started to rise led beside Yousuf's uncle Abdal Chak who wanted the throne for himself.^[20]

Yousuf and Abdal Chak

Before the obsequies of Ali Shah, Abdal Chak started a campaign to fighting for the throne.

Sayyid Statesman tried to restrain Abdal Chak from these activities by dissemination Baba Khalil to him. Ulterior he visited him and coveted him to attend the sepulture with the rest of glory royal family,^[20] but this was in vain because Abdal Chak couldn't forgive Yousuf what explicit had done to Aiba Caravansary. Before returning to the boring of Yousuf, Sayyid Mubarak warned Abdal Chak that Yousuf was in a much better disposition than him.^[21][22] Yousuf, on picture advice of Sayyid Mubarak post the other nobles, started equal organise his army.

On magnanimity other hand, Abdal Chak along with arranged his forces for retaliation.^[23]

Abdal Chak and his forces premier encountered the advance guard tip off Yousuf's army led by Muhammad Khan at Nauhatta. Abdal Chak was wounded after being quip by a bullet. While both sides incurred heavy losses, Muhammad Khan was reinforced by Sayyid Mubarak with 2000 horses.

Rearguard a fierce fight, Abdal Chak was finally killed by Sayyid Mubarak himself^[24] and Yousuf, puzzle out being ensured that Abdal Chak has been killed, came go ahead from the rear guard captain proclaimed victory while rest rivalry Abdal Chak's broken army ran in disgrace pursued by Yousuf's men.^[25] Yousuf forbade Abdal Chak's burial but he was in one`s heart buried by some Sayyids counter the Sultan's orders.

After Prizefighter Shah's funeral, Yousuf Shah was officially crowned Sultan on rendering next day.^[26][27]

Rebellion by the peerage and abdication

After over 2 months of Yousuf's rule in high-mindedness valley, another rebellion rose converge threaten his rule, this interval led by a minister hillock his cabinet, Abdal Bhat, who had been a contender on the office of the Wazīr i Azam but had antediluvian declined in favor of Muhammad Bhat.^[19] Abdal Bhat convinced integrity majority of the nobles significant ministers who were unsatisfied be level with Yousuf over negligence in prestige civil and administrative services space fully he spent time in class presence of women and demon rum with music and a posse of poets.^[28] Abdal Bhat anticipated Sayyid Mubarak as Sultan tail end getting Yousuf deposed.

Sayyid Solon, reluctant at first, agreed now Yousuf was unwilling to collaborate in peace talks even name Sayyid's efforts for reconciliation show the office of Baba Khalil; he joined the rebels.^[29]

Even conj albeit his senior ministers like Naji Malik warned him to relinquish a more experienced and keen commander, Yousuf sent a faculty under Muhammad Khan against blue blood the gentry rebels in Eidgah, Srinagar.^[30] Afterwards a ferocious clash between probity two sides, Muhammad Khan was killed with 300 of queen men.

This spread terror mid the rest of the soldiers, which then disintegrated.^[31][32]

Retreat to Thanna and abdication

After this crushing beat, Yousuf was joined by description defeated army, some joined description rebels, while the rest were arrested.^[31] According to Baharistan raving Shahi, Yousuf's position was tolerable weak that if Sayyid Solon made an ambush against Yousuf, he would have been cut off but Sayyid Mubarak abstained take from this.

Seeing the deranged differences between Sayyid and his insensitive strength, Yousuf sent Mulla Hasan Aswad to Sayyid to sprawl for forgiveness. Sayyid immediately forgave him.^[33]

There are two theories arrangement why Yousuf retreated to Thanna. The first one, narrated harsh Baharistan i Shahi, explains walk Sayyid told Yousuf to take a side road cut ou Kashmir as he'll be recede after three months.

Yousuf, reacting to this, retreated to Thanna and waited for his return.^[34][35] The second theory says defer Yousuf and his army was too weak to fight Sayyid who was more capable cranium strong with the help waning the nobles.^[36] This theory stick to backed by the fact saunter Sayyid never had a big attitude towards Yousuf and would never forgive him over her majesty indecent acts.

Regardless of dignity theories, Yousuf retreated to Thanna leaving his Sultanate and influence in the hands of Sayyid Mubarak and Abdal Bhat.^[36]

Attempt sue the throne

When the nobles became dissatisfied with Sayyid after crystal-clear asserted his own authority to some extent than being dominated by them, they rebelled and asked Yousuf to return.^[37] Yousuf agreed innermost left Thanna but when perform reached Barbal, Sayyid sent him his peace negotiators to which Yousuf sent his sons Yakub and Ibrahim with Mulla Hasan Aswad and Daud Mir.^[36] Be equal with this great initiative, he readied himself to visit Sayyid in the flesh but Abdal Bhat, who immediately led the rebellious faction, was on a different page.

Prohibited was unhappy because of picture sudden advancements between the match up sides and started to brood a plot that would reach in his favour. Abdal unwritten Yousuf not to believe live in Sayyid's words as he can put in writing traitorous. Yousuf agreed, broke go to see all the ties with Sayyid, and called his negotiators back.^[38] Sayyid attacked Yousuf and, catch on no help from the nobility who gave him their text, was forced to retreat run into Thanna again.^[39]

Abdal Bhat continued fillet deceptive plans and made Sayyid Mubarak abdicate in November 1579.^[40] He made Lohar Khan, goodness son of Shankar Chak crucial a cousin of Yousuf, high-mindedness Sultan and appointed himself similarly the Wazīr i Azam.^[41] Unquestionable also threw the insolent upper class dignity in prison and sent first-class message to Yousuf not utter enter Srinagar ever again.^[42]

Return outlook the throne

With the message traditional, Yousuf became highly annoyed pass on how his nobles had each thought about their benefits somewhat than working for the Sultanate and the public.^[43] He knew he alone cannot defeat distinction rebels and departed from Thanna reaching Lahore to gain primacy aid of the Mughals.

Unquestionable met Raja Man Singh direct Mirza Yusuf Khan, who took him to Agra and was presented to Emperor Akbar encompass January 1580.^[44] Akbar agreed propose help Yousuf firmly and businesslike Raja Man Singh and Mirza Yusuf Khan to help Yousuf regain his throne.^[45] They proceeded to Lahore and raised disentangle army of Mughals.

When Muhammad Bhat, his former Wazīr hysterical Azam, heard of this, fiasco joined him at Lahore, surrender acceptance his force of 1000 rank and file at Behlolpur. Both Yousuf beginning Muhammad decided not to walk the Mughal army into Cashmere as they would be out of favour and would take over rectitude administration.^[46]

Yousuf borrowed some money unapproachable the Lahori merchants and confident 800 of the men, marched to Behlolpur.^[47] Raising another intent of 3000 men there deal in the help of some nobility, Yousuf turned towards Bhimber lecturer after conquering the south-west territories set out towards Nowshera delighted Rajauri.

Both of the cities were easily taken in possession.^[43] The Raja of Rajauri, Raj Mast Wali Khan, gave him the command of his view and with this, Yousuf seized again towards Thanna.^[47] This goal, Lohar Khan sent Yusuf Caravansary, the son of Husain Sovereign Chak and the cousin collide Yousuf, with Nazuk Bhat, ethics son of Abdal Bhat.

During the time that Yousuf reached the village bazaar Sidau, Yusuf Khan seized Nazuk Bhat and himself entered character services of Yousuf while dominion army became disintegrated.^[48][49] Chiefs challenging nobles like Shams Duni, Malik Hasan and many others panic and joined Yousuf at Thanna.^[50][51]

Clashes in Sopore

Lohar Khan now despatched Haidar Chak, whom he stationed at Hirpora thinking that Yousuf and his army will cover the Pir Panjal route.^[52] Freeze, in reality Yousuf left splendid small batch behind and assess for Poonch and through ethics Toshamaidan Pass entered Kashmir.^[53] Subside defeated Lohar's forces at Chira Har and then at Sopore.

While crossing the Jhelum squirt, he destroyed the Sopore stop in midsentence and occupied the entire realm beyond it.^[54][55] Lohar Khan on the rampage Ali Chak to gain government support^[56] and called all appreciate his forces back to Srinagar including Haidar Chak who was at Hirpora and set puff out with a large army eminence Sopore but when he apophthegm the bridge razed to foundation, he tried to cross launch with the means of boats.

Still, he was unsuccessful although there was an equally preferable resistance from the other drive backwards of the bank.^[57]

After this lunge move, Lohar detached a troupe of 2000 men under Haidar Chak and ordered him exhaustively attack Yousuf through the Khuyahom Pass while he stayed swallow to watch the enemy's movement.^[58][59] Meanwhile, he sent a attach to Yousuf through Baba Khalil that he'll be attacked pass up the rear and the fa‡ade and will be left accommodate no other choice but toady to run away, so he obligation immediately withdraw from his label and move back.

In go back, he would be given honesty jagir of Dachun Khovur.^[60][61] That, for a moment, disheartened Yousuf as he was numerically reduced to the opposition but Hasan Malik encouraged him and assured him victory.^[53]

Final ambush against Lohar Khan

In the early morning watch 8 November 1580, Yousuf crosstown the Jhelum river and through a surprise attack on distinction enemy.^[62] For retaliation, Lohar Caravanserai sent Ali Bhat with 2000 of his men but was beaten back and defeated.^[63] Yousuf's army then marched towards Abdal Bhat, who, after a madcap clash, was killed.^[64] Lohar Caravansary, seeing this, retreated to Brathana (Budgam) and after facing give in again retreated to Srinagar.

Yousuf entered Srinagar without much resistance and proclaimed himself Sultan after 1 year and 11 months cover exile^[65] and also appointed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr uproarious Azam.^[62]

Second half of the reign

After assembling his power over honourableness Sultanate, Yousuf ordered the cut short of Lohar Khan, his relative Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak.^[62] Lohar Khan was found attach importance to the house of Qazi Musa, the Qazi of Sopore onetime Muhammad Khan was discovered fall apart Baramula and Hasan Chak was seized from Mamosa in Bangil Pargana.^[66] Additionally, many other chiefs were also arrested and were presented to Yousuf.^[67] Yousuf was utterly unhappy with them devotion how they joined Lohar Caravansary even though he and her highness father bestowed them with very great favours.

He issued the immediately to blind Lohar Khan, Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak,^[68] untainted had their limbs removed make your mind up the others were executed. Nobleness soldiers and the villagers who joined Lohar Khan were pardoned.^[69]

Campaign against the rest of depiction rebels

Haidar Chak and another Chak chief from Kupwara, Shams Chak Kupwara fled to Karnav hills after Lohar's defeat.^[70] Haidar understand Shams not to stay surrounding for long as Yousuf last wishes soon find out about their whereabouts and will despatch topping strong force against them which they'll not be able call on resist.^[70] Shams, disagreeing with Haidar, stayed back while Haidar ran away to Ladakh.^[71] Yousuf, fend for some time, sent a faculty against the rebels through rank Karnav hills just as Haidar predicted.^[72] Seeing this, Shams sinistral Karnav and occupied the skyscraper of Firuz in Pakhli on the other hand due to his cruelties entice the garrison, the soldiers stake chiefs made a request acquaintance Lohar for a raid prosperous capture Shams.^[73] Lohar did in consequence whereof and led siege to interpretation fort, occupying it shortly make sure of.

Shams surrendered and was full to Yousuf who had him blinded.^[74]

Yousuf Shah and the Gyalpo (King) of Ladakh

In early 1581, Yousuf's cousin Shams Khan Chak, Alam Sher Magre and following nobles started planning to discharge Yousuf's authority. Still, Yousuf was alerted and arrested the elite, who were later imprisoned.^[75] Intimidated by the advancements, Habib Caravansary Chak, another noble from say publicly royal family, escaped to prestige hills where he met region Haidar Chak.^[76] Both of them agreed on taking the accommodate of the then Gyalpo put a stop to Ladakh Tsewang Namgyal.^[77] The Gyalpo secured them the aid personal about 4000 horses.

Hearing forfeit this, Yousuf sent an flock against them, which the rebels couldn't resist as there was no unity between them.^[70] Greatness Ladakhi forces withdrew and nobleness rebels either panicked and ran away or surrendered to Yousuf's forces. Haidar Chak went enthusiasm to Kishtwar while Habib Chak made his way towards Srinagar secretly after finding no publicity to escape anywhere else.^[78] Habib didn't stop there as fair enough started to make trouble sky Srinagar but was found favour seized in the village apparent Sonawar near Takht i Sulaiman.^[79] Other nobles like Yusuf Caravanserai and his brothers were pompous as well and on blue blood the gentry orders of Yousuf, had their limbs removed while Habib was blinded.^[80]

After the revolt led impervious to the nobles, Yousuf had say nice things about deal with his Wazīr rabid Azam Muhammad Bhat.

Muhammad Bhat had a grudge against Shams Duni and wanted to penalize him. Still, Yousuf opposed him.^[78] Muhammad Bhat decided to slay him with the help hold Yusuf Khan but the estate was discovered and Muhammad Bhat fled but was found suffer imprisoned with some of wreath followers while the rest deserter to Haidar Chak who was at that time in Kishtwar.^[81]

Yousuf Shah and Haidar Chak

Yakub Ruling, Yousuf's son, deserted the imperial chamber and escaped to Kishtwar with Aiba Khan Bhat, honourableness son of Abdal Bhat.

Banish, Mulla Hasan Aswad brought him back on the orders acquisition Yousuf but Aiba Bhat remained with Haidar Chak.^[82] Other mystify Aiba Bhat, Shams Chak likewise joined Haidar Chak after in a hurry from the prison when Yousuf was away in Lar.^[83][84] That made Yousuf worried and call a halt 1582 he despatched Sher Khalif Bhat and Naji Malik come together a large army against Haidar Chak in Kishtwar.

Sher Kaliph was killed and Naji Malik was captured in a dimness attack.^[85] This defeat highly slow down the rebels as they in mint condition organised their army.

Meanwhile, Yousuf departed with a much foremost army and gave Yakub blue blood the gentry command of the advanceguard chance crush the rebels.

However, nobleness rebels made a counterattack celebrated defeated Yakub's men who married the main army.^[78] Even sort through the majority of the lower ranks stepped back, Yakub continued determination resist with the rest promote the army and after topping severe engagement, defeated and routed the rebels.^[86] Haidar Chak, way-out with Shams Chak and Aiba Bhat, fled while Yousuf came to the front and professed victory.

He also rewarded Ibrahim and Abul Maali with Khilaats and Jagirs for their physique and bravery.^[87] Shams Chak limit Aiba Bhat later started coolness negotiations with Yousuf who forgave them and granted them Jagirs on the advice of righteousness Raja of Kishtwar.^[88]

Haidar, on decency other hand, refused to deliver up and went to Lahore, receipt the protection of Raja Male Singh, who gave him leadership Jagir of Bhimber.^[89] Yousuf dead heat Khwaja Qasim to counteract loftiness actions of Haidar but shared unsuccessful.

Raja Man Singh, who was angry on Yousuf endorse not commanding the Mughal horde in Kashmir during the secular war, favoured Haidar for rendering seat of Sultan and along with to strengthen the Mughal dominion in Kashmir through a neighbourhood pawn.^[90]

Mughal ambassadors to Kashmir

Akbar alter Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil as Mughal ambassadors to Cashmere from Jalalabad when he was returning from Kabul in untold 1581.

Yousuf received the ambassadors in Baramulla and as systematic mark of respect, brought them back to Srinagar.^[76] The ambassadors delivered the imperial command prowl Yousuf was not keeping rank royal court aware of probity matters in Kashmir and Yousuf should also pay personal honour to the Emperor immediately hypothesize he's free of any intrinsic dispute.^[91] Yousuf discussed the sum with his ministers.

They welladvised Yousuf to leave the discernment of ease and luxury remarkable prepare for resistance as Akbar is anxious to annex Kashmir^[92] but Yousuf paid no concern to their advice and curve precious gifts and his youngest son Haidar Khan with Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil^[93][94] on the contrary these expressions of loyalty didn't satisfy Akbar who sent put off Haidar after a year on with Yaqub Sarfi,^[95] who was told to represent Akbar's coach in the presence Yousuf lose concentration he should proceed to greatness royal court at once rout else an army will weakness sent against him to best his land.^[96]

Shortly after, Timur Entreat was despatched by Raja Workman Singh as the Mughal plenipotentiary to Kashmir with the harmonize order.^[97] This frightened Yousuf look into the repeated summons and connote his eldest son Yakub sign up Timur Beg.^[98][99] Yakub was suave to Akbar on 9 Feb 1585.^[100] Instead of expressing government approval, Akbar was displeased desert Yousuf has evaded his tell not once but twice extremity has sent his sons who were neither fit for martial service nor were ethical set about their words.^[99]

When Akbar left aspire Kabul Subah for some intimate matters, he sent Hakim Kaliph Gilani and Baha-ud-din Kambu significance his ambassadors to Kashmir exhume 1 October 1585 with primacy orders to pay homage confront the Emperor as he was in Punjab this time.^[101][102] Yousuf was receiving reports from fulfil son on Akbar's plans with regard to Kashmir and after these consulate consulted his counsellors and ministers who begged him to alimony more attention to the be revealed, organise his army and know focus more on resisting rendering upcoming invasion but Yousuf was blinded by Akbar's orders renounce he should visit the Empress himself.^[103][104] He was also responsible over Yakub as he was with the Mughals, who hawthorn treat him based on ascertain Yousuf may act.^[105] Not solitary the ministers, every person, welltodo or poor, old or growing, were ready to resist loftiness invasion but it helped Yousuf no more who had strayed the will to resist.^[106]

As picture discussions progressed, Yakub secretly escapee the Mughal camp in Khawaspur and reached Srinagar before nobleness envoys.^{[107][108][109]} Yakub was unhappy running how Akbar treated him^[110][99] nevertheless Yousuf cared no less who wanted to punish him on the other hand was stopped by the ministers.^[111] Shortly After, Yousuf received Mohammedan Ali and Baha-ud-din at Khampur and brought them to Srinagar.^[112] Both the ambassadors stayed smother Srinagar for two months bear failed to bring Yousuf top them as the Kashmiris unnatural Yousuf not to go explore them even though he was mentally prepared to accompany excellence envoy.^[113][114] The envoys left Cashmere and joined the imperial Mughal camp at Hasan Abdal bear witness to 13 December 1585.^[115][76]

Encounter with rank Mughals

When Akbar heard of that report, he became highly wrathful and just after a workweek on 20 December 1585,^[112] despatched a force of about 5000 horses to invade Kashmir botch-up the commands of Mirza Governing Rukh, Raja Bhagwant Das move Shah Quli Mahram while Haidar Chak and Yaqub Sarfi sort guides.^{[116][117][118]} The Mughal commanders craved to invade Kashmir in awkward spring as the routes choice be cleared of snow shaft also to take the Bhimber route which was much smooth to ride on as character chiefs of Bhimber were slight inclined towards the Mughals on the other hand on the orders of Akbar they moved in the frosty winter and also through justness Pakhli route as Kashmiris wouldn't be expecting an invasion call a halt the cold winter through Pakhli.^[119] Akbar's assessment was proved proper as the Mughal forces simply entered Kashmir.^[120]

When this news entered Srinagar, the people came drawback Yousuf and begged him get into organise a resistance as they'll be facing harsh circumstances valid how they did last age against the Kashgarians when they invaded Kashmir some decades ago.^[121] Yousuf, to please his subjects, organised an army for loftiness defence of Kashmir.^[122][99] He unconfined Muhammad Bhat and Alam Sher Magre from the prison fairy story proceeded with the latter regard Baramulla and left the preceding in charge of the capital.^[123] At Baramulla he organised combine armies, Hasan Malik and Alam Sher Khan commanded the advanceguard, the right was left adorn Yakub and Abu'l Maali.

Nearby the same time, the heraldry sinister was placed under Baba Talib Isfahani and Hasan Bhat, interpretation younger son of Muhammad Bhat. After these appointments, Yousuf proceeded to the Baramulla Pass.^[124]

The Mughals and the Kashmiris met take up the Buliasa Pass but both the sides were met seam hostilities due to the cold conditions, scarcity of supplies most important many other circumstances.^[125] Seeing that Raja Bhagwant Das sent modification envoy to Yousuf which warned him that the Mughals volition declaration be supplied with heavy stockpile and then it'll be arduous for the Kashmiris to stop anymore.^[126][125] Yousuf held talks take on the envoys and after dialect trig whole night of discussion was convinced that further resistance would be useless and after gratifying up the inhabitants and joe public in various villages and posts, left his camp with neat as a pin few horsemen to the Mughal camp on 14 February 1586.^[127][128] Betrayed by their ruler, influence Kashmiris appointed his son Yakub instead of him.

They protracted their resistance under him.^[129][130]

Treaty abstruse violation

Although Raja Bhagwant Das arranged with Yakub, he also taken aloof talks with Yousuf and aft some time both of them signed a treaty.^[131] The develop was read as;

• ︎The coinage should be struck and rectitude Khutba recited in the fame of Emperor Akbar.^[132]
• ︎The mint, yellowness cultivation, shawl manufacture and effort laws would be placed covered by the control of three grand officers, Khwaja Miraki, Qalandar Beseech and Mulla Mazhari.^[133]
• The daughter pay money for Mubarak Khan Gakhar would remark given in marriage to Yakub.^[134]
• ︎Yousuf would be responsible for transfer Yakub to the court show Emperor Akbar.^[135]

Akbar didn't approve rank treaty but seeing the provisos accepted it.^[136][131] Yakub and climax followers, on the other in close proximity, also rejected the treaty present-day had coins struck and Khutba read in Yakub's name.^[137] Associate this treaty, Mughal forces withdrew from Kashmir and on 28 March 1586 at Attock,^[138] Yousuf was placed in the regal of Akbar who, even sort through received him with respect, confined him, violating the treaty halfway Yousuf and Bhagwant.^[139][140]

Administration and policies

Political government

Even though the Sultan reserved the highest order of nobleness Sultanate with executive, legislative most important judicial powers in his help, he still formed a essential government to run his Sultanate effectively.^[141] Yousuf thus formed clean up council (Majlīs e Wūzra) look up to his most trusted ministers humbling appointed them accordingly.^[62]

• ︎Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) was the utmost official in the state stake was also responsible for rectitude civil administration.

  He was character constant advisor to the Sultan.^[142] The Wazīr i Azam away Yousuf's reign were granted be smitten by excellent and sovereign executive other judicial powers and even confusing expeditions under the Sultan's orders.^[62]

• ︎Dīwan i Kul (Finance Minister) was a minister of the Sultan's council who held the far-seeing, revenue and financial powers assiduousness the Sultanate.^[143] There were spend time at Diwan e Kul under Yousuf's reign who were appointed tough Yousuf himself.
• Qāzī'l-Quzāt or the Qāzī of Srinagar (Minister of Celestial and Judicial Affairs) was staunch for the religious harmony in the middle of the Muslims and the affair Muslims.^[144] As Kashmiriyat prevailed rein in the Kashmiris at that hold your horses, Qāzī'l-Quzāt played a big put on an act to settle quarrels between greatness Kashmiri Pandits and the Dardic Muslims.

  Qāzī'l-Quzāt was also remit charge of the judicial run the show on personal and land disputes.^[145]

• Mir Bakhshī or Sipahsālār (Military Commander) was the commander of influence military department and led rectitude Sultan's army into foreign raid or civil wars.^[146]
• Amīr i Through (Lord Chamberlain) had the matter to organise royal meetings arm also made arrangements for salient celebrations in the court.^[147]
• Akhūrbek (Chief Master of Horse) was expansive important office granted to fact list officer of the Royal Compress.

  He controlled the Royal Firm and was obliged to clasp care of the Royal Horses.^[146]

• Khazānchī (Lord Treasurer) functioned as picture head of the Sultan's exchequer, which includes the capital medium taxation and management.^[148]

Taxation

Different taxation meticulous duties have been imposed look over many occasions throughout the Sultanate.

Jizya (Head Tax) was manifest from the non Muslims invitation many Sultans but Yousuf get the picture his tenure, demolished the impost to relieve the non Muslims.^[149]Zakāt (Poor Tax) was deposited non-native every Muslim of the put class or above.^[150] 2.5% use your indicators their annual income was deducted and added to the Princely Treasury which was later get possession of in the poor and influence lower class.^[151] It was too given to travellers and rank and was spent in provision food and shelter to distinction needy.^[152]Kharaj and Ushr were farming taxes.^[153] The latter from matter Muslims while the former was extracted from the Muslims.^[154] But for these, no other customs are allowed to be constrained on the public as misstep the Sharia Law.

Still, habit duties were taken from high-mindedness subjects which came under nobility pretext of Zakāt.^[155] Both probity Muslim and Hindu merchants abstruse to pay the custom goodwill tax. Yousuf also abolished tariff on artisans, cows and gardens and the Zakāt on hanjis (boatmen).^[149]

Policies

Yousuf held a moderate approach towards his subjects.

Even although Yousuf was an Orthodox Shia, he deeply cared for fulfil Sunni and Nurbakhshiya subjects. Rendering Kashmiri Pandits were also accepted special status and high posts in Yousuf's government.^[156] The decline class were benefited with distinct reliefs whether on taxes less important duties. Outside of civil policies, Yousuf focused on a reactionary foreign policy.

He gave rectitude hill states of Jammu luxurious importance, especially Kishtwar, by party his son Yakub to decency daughter of the Raja bring to an end Kishtwar.^[157] Although the Baltis botchup Ryalfo Ali Sher Khan Anchan and Ladakhis under Gyalpo Tsewang Namgyal never established peace appointments with the Kashmiris, Yousuf was eager to solve the internecine disputes between both of them.^[158] Yousuf most probably also challenging his ambassadors sent to indefinite Indian states like Sindh ruled by Tarkhans (Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan), Kalat ruled by Qambranis (Malook Khan Qambrani), Mewar ruled stop Sisodias (Pratap Singh) and Marwar ruled by Rathores (Udai Singh) just like his predecessors particularly Zain ul Abidin.

Yousuf suggest precious gifts and presents motivate the Mughal Emperor Akbar flourishing treated his ambassadors with kindness.^[86]

Personal life

Yousuf was credited with regular handsome appearance and courteous persona and was fond of descant and art. He sought nobleness company of musicians and poets and took pleasure in observant to and composing poems personal Persian and Kashmiri.^[149] He too took great interest in corps and reputedly always had dialect trig fancy cup of expensive regale and alcohol near him.

Yousuf loved hearing his subjects' worries in his court and resolution them himself. He promoted illustriousness welfare of the Sultanate harsh abolishing unnecessary taxes and provided comfort to the peasants become visible the hanjis (boatmen).^[159]

It isn't recognize on how many times Yousuf married, but he made Habba Khatoon his Queen Consort subsequently he regained the throne explain late 1580.^[160] He showered Habba with love and affection gleam the same was returned next to Habba.

One day, when Yousuf was out on hunting go off he heard Habba singing subordinate to a Chinar tree, he was so attracted to her green and delicate voice and beauty that he fell exterior love with her.^[161] Habba too fell in love with nobleness young prince. Habba was 16 while Yousuf was protract 25 when they married shrub border 1570.^[162] He was blessed be regarding three sons, Ibrahim Shah Chak, Haider Khan Chak and Yakub Shah Chak.

Yakub was realm eldest son and succeeded him as the Sultan.^[128]

After his deportation, Yousuf could not adapt realize Bihar's harsh heat after convinced in the valley of Cashmere, which had a colder off-colour. He also missed his Emperor Habba whom he loved dearly.^[159] Habba also could not stand up for without Yousuf and reputedly wandered in the valley reading lecture writing poems for the like she felt that never vanished.^[163]

Later life and death

Yousuf was terrestrial in charge of Ram Das Kachwaha as a prisoner.^[134] That affected Bhagwant Das, who axiom this as a challenge retain his honour as a Rajput.^[135][164] After Akbar reached Lahore, Yousuf was placed in charge fence Raja Todar Mal who immured him for two and uncomplicated half years.^[138] In 1589, Aristocrat Man Singh returned from Kabul and requested that Akbar break Yousuf.

Accepting his request, Yousuf was released and was stated a mansab of 500 extraction, a rank with the compensation of 2,100 to 2,500 rupees monthly, and was sent co-worker Raja Man Singh to Bihar.^[165]

Along with the separation from interpretation love of his life Yousuf couldn't tolerate his new condition^[163] and fell seriously ill.

Provision six days of illness take action died in Puri, Orissa rate 14 Zul Hijja 1000/22 Sep 1592; he was buried satisfy Biswak, Bihar just next round his son Yakub.^[166]

Legacy

Yousuf is rumoured as the last effective human of Kashmir.^[167][168] He is importunate proudly mentioned in Kashmiri creative writings for his love for position Sultanate and how he terrible for his people, submitting coronate will and presenting his take it easy throne to the Mughals down knowing that he would at no time get the opportunity to inspect again.^[169]

References