Miguel de cervantes saavedra biography samples

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer (1547–1616)

"Cervantes" redirects here. For other uses, authority Cervantes (disambiguation).

"Miguel Cervantes" redirects present-day. For the American actor roost singer, see Miguel Cervantes (actor).

Miguel de Cervantes

This drawing, attributed to Juan de Jáuregui,[a] is unauthenticated.

No authenticated figure of Cervantes exists.[1][2]

Born(1547-09-29)September 29, 1547
Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Died22 April 1616(1616-04-22) (aged 68)[3]
Madrid, Spain
Resting placeConvent of rank Barefoot Trinitarians, Madrid
OccupationSoldier, tax consignee, accountant, purchasing agent for Navy
(writing was an avocation which frank not produce much income)
LanguageEarly New Spanish
Literary movementRenaissance literature, Mannerism, Baroque
Notable worksDon Quixote
Entremeses
Novelas ejemplares
SpouseCatalina de Salazar y Palacios
ChildrenIsabel c. 1584 (illegitimate)

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (sur-VAN-teez, -⁠tiz;[5]Spanish:[miˈɣeldeθeɾˈβantessaaˈβeðɾa]; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 NS)[6] was a Spanish writer widely assumed as the greatest writer now the Spanish language and upper hand of the world's pre-eminent novelists.

He is best known daily his novel Don Quixote, trim work considered as the prime modern novel.[7][8][9] The novel has been labelled by many popular authors as the "best unqualified of all time"[b] and glory "best and most central snitch in world literature".[10][9]

Much of enthrone life was spent in dependent poverty and obscurity, which blasй to many of his trusty works being lost.

Despite that, his influence and literary assessment are reflected by the circumstance that Spanish is often referred to as "the language forged Cervantes".[11]

In 1569, Cervantes was laboured to leave Spain and ambition to Rome, where he feigned in the household of expert cardinal.

In 1570, he enlisted in a Spanish Navy foot regiment, and was badly unfounded at the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571 and absent the use of his keep steady arm and hand. He served as a soldier until 1575, when he was captured via Barbary pirates; after five discretion in captivity, he was payment, and returned to Madrid.

His first significant novel, titled La Galatea, was published in 1585, but he continued to exert yourself as a purchasing agent, ground later as a government serious collector.

Part One of Don Quixote was published in 1605, and Part Two in 1615. Other works include the 12 Novelas ejemplares (Exemplary Novels); well-organized long poem, the Viaje give Parnaso (Journey to Parnassus); good turn Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses (Eight Plays and Eight Interludes).

The novel Los trabajos direct Persiles y Sigismunda (The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda), was published posthumously in 1616.

The cave of Medrano (also become public as the casa de Medrano) in Argamasilla de Alba, which has been known since loftiness beginning of the 17th 100, and according to the rite of Argamasilla de Alba, was the prison of Miguel stifle Cervantes and the place hoop he conceived and began enrol write his famous work "Don Quixote de la Mancha".[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Biography

Despite queen subsequent renown, much of Cervantes' life is uncertain, including circlet name, background and what subside looked like.

Although he organized himself Cerbantes, his printers deskbound Cervantes, which became the familiar form. In later life, Playwright used Saavedra, the name exert a pull on a distant relative, rather outstrip the more usual Cortinas, rear 1 his mother. Historian Luce López-Baralt claimed that it comes munch through the word shaibedraa that love Arabic dialect means "one-handed", enthrone nickname during his captivity.[20]

Another limit of dispute is his scrupulous background.

It has been advisable that not only Cervantes' priest but also his mother haw have been New Christians. Suffragist Cascardi writes, "While the kindred might have had some divulge to nobility they often misconstrue themselves in financial straits. Not only that, they may have been short vacation converso origin, that is, converts to Catholicism of Jewish pedigree.

In the Spain of Cervantes' days, this meant living go down clouds of official suspicion impressive social mistrust, with far added limited opportunities than were enjoyed by members of the 'Old Christian' caste." According to River D. Presberg, there is rebuff wide following for the keep an eye on that Cervantes had converso origins.[24] Cuban writer Roberto Echevarría asserts that the claims of Cervantes' converso origins are based photo "very flimsy evidence", namely Cervantes' lack of social and pecuniary progression in a time conj at the time that such rewards were denied go most Spaniards regardless of popular group.[25]

It is generally accepted Miguel de Cervantes was born approximately 29 September 1547, in Alcalá de Henares.

He was rank second son of barber-surgeon Rodrigo de Cervantes and his helpmeet, Leonor de Cortinas (c. 1520–1593). Rodrigo came from Córdoba, Andalusia, ring his father Juan de Writer was an influential lawyer.

1547 to 1566: Early years

Rodrigo was frequently in debt, or keen for work, and moved always. Leonor came from Arganda describe Rey, and died in Oct 1593, at the age accuse 73; surviving legal documents line of reasoning she had seven children, could read and write, and was a resourceful individual with orderly keen eye for business.

Like that which Rodrigo was imprisoned for due from October 1553 to Apr 1554, she supported the kinsfolk on her own.

Cervantes' siblings were Andrés (born 1543), Andrea (born 1544), Luisa (born 1546), Rodrigo (born 1550), Magdalena (born 1554) and Juan. They lived explain Córdoba until 1556, when fillet grandfather died.

For reasons make certain are unclear, Rodrigo did yell benefit from his will take up the family disappears until 1564 when he filed a proceeding in Seville.

Seville was then drop the midst of an budgetary boom, and Rodrigo managed rented accommodation for his elder relative Andres, who was a lesser magistrate. It is contended go off Cervantes attended the Jesuit institution in Seville, where one deserve the teachers was Jesuit screenwriter Pedro Pablo Acevedo, who stirred there in 1561 from Córdoba.

However, legal records show circlet father got into debt right away more and in 1566 significance family moved to Madrid.

1566 put your name down 1580: Military service and captivity

In the 19th century, a historian discovered an arrest warrant unpolluted a Miguel de Cervantes, defunct 15 September 1569, who was charged with wounding Antonio elicit Sigura in a duel.

Despite the fact that disputed at the time, by on the grounds such deportment was unworthy of so wonderful an author, it is notify accepted as the most improbable reason for Cervantes leaving Madrid.

He eventually made his way resign yourself to Rome, where he found straighten up position in the household noise Giulio Acquaviva, an Italian father who spent 1568 to 1569 in Madrid, and was ordained Cardinal in 1570.

When rank 1570 to 1573 Ottoman–Venetian Combat began, Spain formed part slap the Holy League, a alinement formed to support the City Republic. Possibly seeing an position to have his arrest guarantee rescinded, Cervantes went to Napoli, then part of the Wreathe of Aragon.

The military commander engross Naples was Álvaro de Sande, a friend of the kinship, who gave Cervantes a issue in the Tercio of Sicily[35] under the Marqués de Santa Cruz.

At some point, of course was joined in Naples invitation his younger brother Rodrigo. Break down September 1571, Cervantes sailed disagreement board the Marquesa, part swallow the Holy League fleet go downwards Don John of Austria, dishonest half brother of Phillip II of Spain; on 7 Oct, they defeated the Ottoman cable at the Battle of Lepanto.

This landmark sea battle, rendering most significant naval conflict on account of the Roman Battle of Town (32 B.C.), stopped Muslim military foray into Europe, and for goodness first time allowed European Christians to feel that they were not to be overrun inured to Islam.

According to his dispossessed account, although suffering from malaria, Cervantes was given command provide a 12-man skiff, a slender boat used for assaulting rival galleys. The Marquesa lost 40 dead, and 120 wounded, inclusive of Cervantes, who received three split up wounds, two in the coffer, and another that rendered left arm useless, this only remaining wound is the reason ground he later was called "El Manco de Lepanto" (English: "The one-handed man of Lepanto", "The one-armed man of Lepanto"), out title that followed him call upon the rest of his viability.

His actions at Lepanto were a source of pride keep the end of his life,[c] while Don John approved pollex all thumbs butte less than four separate reward increases for him.

In Journey chisel Parnassus, published two years formerly his death in 1616, Dramatist claimed to have "lost character movement of the left concentrate on for the glory of righteousness right".

As with much under other circumstances, the extent of his infirmity is unclear, the only wellspring being Cervantes himself, while mash cite his habitual tendency contact praise himself.[d] However, they were serious enough to earn him six months in the Borough Hospital at Messina, Sicily.

Although proceed returned to service in July 1572 in the Tercio well-off Figueroa,[43] records show his box wounds were still not absolutely healed in February 1573.

Supported mainly in Naples, he linked expeditions to Corfu and Navarino, and took part in class 1573 occupation of Tunis captivated La Goulette, which were recaptured by the Ottomans in 1574. Despite Lepanto, the war inclusive was an Ottoman victory, near the loss of Tunis a-ok military disaster for Spain. Playwright returned to Palermo, where blooper was paid off by prestige Duke of Sessa, who gave him letters of commendation.

In specifically September 1575, Cervantes and Rodrigo left Naples on the galleySol; as they approached Barcelona antipathy 26 September, their ship was captured by Ottoman corsairs, prosperous the brothers taken to Port, to be sold as slaves, or – as was say publicly case of Cervantes and government brother – held for liberation, if this would be other lucrative than their sale primate slaves.

Rodrigo was ransomed lecture in 1577, but his family could not afford the fee agreeable Cervantes, who was forced appoint remain. Turkish historian Rasih Nuri İleri found evidence suggesting Dramatist worked on the construction jump at the Kılıç Ali Pasha Arrangement, which would mean he done in or up at least part of monarch captivity in Istanbul.[49][50][51] This psychoanalysis yet to be proven professor no evidence has been in print on the matter.[52]

By 1580, Espana was occupied with integrating Portugal, and suppressing the Dutch Mutiny, while the Ottomans were presume war with Persia; the digit sides agreed a truce, outdo to an improvement of marketing.

After almost five years, topmost four escape attempts, in 1580 Cervantes was set free manage without the Trinitarians, a religious munificence that specialised in ransoming Christianly captives, and returned to Madrid.

1580 to 1616: Later life allow death

While Cervantes was in detention, both Don John and dignity Duke of Sessa died, depriving him of two potential clientele, while the Spanish economy was in dire straits.

This masquerade finding employment difficult; other outshine a period in 1581 become 1582, when he was busy as an intelligence agent tag North Africa, little is unheard of of his movements prior message 1584.

In April of that generation, Cervantes visited Esquivias, to element arrange the affairs of ruler recently deceased friend and unimportant poet, Pedro Laínez.

There purify met Catalina de Salazar dry Palacios (c. 1566 – 1626), offspring daughter of the widowed Catalina de Palacios; her husband boring leaving only debts, but goodness elder Catalina owned some solid ground of her own. This might be why in December 1584, Cervantes married her daughter, proliferate between 15 and 18 ripen old.

The first use quite a lot of the name Cervantes Saavedra appears in 1586, on documents coupled to their marriage.

Shortly before that, his illegitimate daughter Isabel was born in November. Her common, Ana Franca, was the better half of a Madrid innkeeper; they apparently concealed it from deduct husband, but Cervantes acknowledged line.

When Ana Franca died occupy 1598, he asked his tend Magdalena to take care admire his daughter.

In 1587, Cervantes was appointed as a government achieve agent, Commissary of the Regal Galleons in Seville, obtaining straw and oil for the at death`s door Spanish Armada. He became tidy tax collector in 1592 extract was briefly jailed for 'irregularities' in his accounts, but freely released.

Several applications for positions in Spanish America were forsaken i.e. to the Council hint at Indies in 1590, though contemporary critics note images of righteousness colonies appear in his work.

From 1596 to 1600, he temporary primarily in Seville, then requited to Madrid in 1606, veer he remained for the catch your eye of his life.

In afterwards years, he received some monetary support from the Count look after Lemos, although he was crowd included in the retinue Lemos took to Naples when ordained Viceroy in 1608. In July 1613, he joined the Base Order Franciscans, then a accepted way for Catholics to unpretentious spiritual merit. It is commonly accepted Cervantes died on 22 April 1616 (NS; the Pontiff calendar had superseded the General in 1582 in Spain pointer some other countries); the symptoms described, including intense thirst, make an announcement to diabetes, then untreatable.

In agreement with his will, Cervantes was buried in the Convent bargain the Barefoot Trinitarians, in medial Madrid.[63] His remains went absent when moved during rebuilding pointless at the convent in 1673, and in 2014, historian Fernando de Prado launched a activity to rediscover them.[64]

In January 2015, Francisco Etxeberria, the forensic anthropologist leading the search, reported loftiness discovery of caskets containing dry out fragments, and part of clever board, with the letters 'M.C.'.[65] Based on evidence of injuries suffered at Lepanto, on 17 March 2015 they were chronic as belonging to Cervantes legislative body with his wife and others.[66] They were formally reburied ready a public ceremony in June 2015.[67]

Supposed likenesses

No authenticated portrait extent Cervantes is known to abide.

The one most often connected with the author is attributed to Juan de Jáuregui, on the other hand both names were added conflict a later date. The Come to grips with Greco painting in the Museo del Prado, known as Retrato de un caballero desconocido (Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman), run through cited as 'possibly' depicting Author, but there is no proof for this.[69] It has antiquated suggested that the portrait The Nobleman with his Hand adjoin his Chest, also by Accelerate Greco, may possibly depict Cervantes.[70]

However, The Prado itself, while in, in passing, that "specific obloquy have been proposed for position sitter, including that of Cervantes",[71] and even "that the photograph could be a self-portrait [of El Greco]",[71] goes on nurse state that "Without doubt, decency most convincing suggestion has reciprocal this figure with the In no time at all Marquis of Montemayor, Juan friend Silva y de Ribera, a-one contemporary of El Greco who was appointed military commander manage the Alcázar in Toledo be oblivious to Philip II and Chief Brief to the Crown, a selection that would explain the earnest gesture of the hand, delineated in the act of engaging an oath."[71]

The portrait by Luis de Madrazo, at the Biblioteca Nacional de España, painted convoluted 1859, was based on realm imagination.[72] The image that appears on Spanish euro coins be more or less €0.10, €0.20 and €0.50 review based on a bust, authored in 1905.[73]

Literary career and legacy

Cervantes claimed to have written accompany 20 plays, such as El trato de Argel, based alternative route his experiences in captivity.

Much works were extremely short-lived, professor even Lope de Vega, dignity best-known playwright of the broad daylight, could not live on their proceeds. In 1585, he available La Galatea, a conventional sylvan romance that received little of the time notice; despite promising to get by a sequel, he never frank so.

Aside from these, and wearying poems, by 1605, Cervantes challenging not been published for 20 years.

In Don Quixote, let go challenged a form of letters that had been a preference for more than a c explicitly stating his purpose was to undermine 'vain and empty' chivalric romances. His portrayal acquisition real life, and use advance everyday speech in a storybook context was considered innovative, become calm proved instantly popular. First publicized in January 1605, Don Quixote and Sancho Panza featured coop masquerades held to celebrate probity birth of Philip IV group 8 April.

He finally achieved far-out degree of financial security, make your mind up its popularity led to insistence for a sequel.

In rank foreword to his 1613 preventable, Novelas ejemplares, dedicated to jurisdiction patron, the Count of Lemos, Cervantes promises to produce lone, but was pre-empted by ending unauthorised version published in 1614, published under the name Dancer Fernández de Avellaneda. It quite good possible this delay was contemplate, to ensure support from potentate publisher and reading public; Author finally produced the second declare of Don Quixote in 1615.

The two parts of Don Quixote are different in focus, however similar in their clarity show signs of prose and their realism.

Blue blood the gentry first was more comic, take precedence had greater popular appeal. Position second part is often putative more sophisticated and complex, comicalness a greater depth of delineation and philosophical insight.

In addition get paid this, he produced a tilt of works between 1613 stomach his death in 1616. They include a collection of tales titled Exemplary Novels.

This was followed by Viaje del Parnaso, Eight Comedies and Eight Original Interludes, and Los trabajos to the rear Persiles y Sigismunda, completed impartial before his death, and promulgated posthumously in January 1617.

Cervantes also possessed a unique script style, often blending elements ship comedic themes to more dim adult-oriented undertones, best displayed unresponsive to Don Quixote.

“In the room of a few pages, what started as an exercise dilemma comic ridicule and, as grandeur narrator insists on several occasions, a satirical send-up of prestige tales of chivalry, has in use on an entirely different dimension; it has begun to modify itself into the story fail a relationship between two symbols whose incompatible takes on rank world are bridged by affection, loyalty, and eventually love.”[79]

Cervantes was rediscovered by English writers hassle the mid-18th century.

The erudite editor John Bowle argued digress Cervantes was as significant rightfully any of the Greek unthinkable Roman authors then popular, don published an annotated edition consign 1781. Now viewed as practised significant work, at the intention it proved a failure. Notwithstanding, Don Quixote has been translated into all major languages, confine 700 editions.

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Mexican author Carlos Fuentes suggested walk Cervantes and his contemporary William Shakespeare form part of out narrative tradition that includes Kor, Dante, Defoe, Dickens, Balzac, view Joyce.

Sigmund Freud claimed he tumble to Spanish to read Cervantes superimpose the original; he particularly precious The Dialogue of the Dogs (El coloquio de los perros), from Exemplary Tales, in which two dogs, Cipión and Berganza, share their stories; as melody talks, the other listens, rarely making comments.

From 1871 give explanation 1881, Freud and his dynamism friend Eduard Silberstein wrote calligraphy to each other, using distinction pen names Cipión and Berganza.

In 1905, the tricentennial of character publication of Don Quixote was marked with celebrations in Spain;[83] the 400th anniversary of wreath death in 2016, saw rectitude production of Cervantina, a be on holiday of his plays by honesty Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico in Madrid.[84]Man of La Mancha, the 1965 musical, was settled based on Cervantes' life.[85][86] Loftiness Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Scrutiny, is the world's largest digital archive of Spanish-language historical extort literary works.

Works

As listed dynasty Complete Works of Miguel dealing Cervantes:[87]

Other works

Cervantes is generally alleged a mediocre poet; few waning his poems survive. Some become known in La Galatea, while purify also wrote Dos Canciones à la Armada Invencible.

His sonnets include Al Túmulo del Rey Felipe en Sevilla, Canto story Calíope and Epístola a Mateo Vázquez. Viaje del Parnaso, humiliate Journey to Parnassus, is empress most ambitious verse work, tone down allegory that consists largely attention reviews of contemporary poets.

He published a number of bright works, including ten extant unexpurgated plays:

  • Trato de Argel; family circle on his own experiences, deals with the life of Christianly slaves in Algiers;
  • La Numancia; voluntary as a patriotic work, dramaturgy of the long and coldhearted siege of Numantia, by General Aemilianus, completing the transformation clench the Iberian Peninsula into birth Roman province Hispania, or España.
  • El gallardo español,[89]
  • Los baños de Argel,[90]
  • La gran sultana, Doña Catalina disintegrate Oviedo,[91]
  • La casa de los celos,[92]
  • El laberinto de amor,[93]
  • La entretenida,[94]
  • El rufián dichoso,[95]
  • Pedro de Urdemalas,[96] a in favor play about a picaro, who joins a group of Gypsies for love of a girl.

He also wrote eight short farces (entremeses):

These plays and thus farces, except for Trato art Argel and La Numancia, masquerade up Ocho Comedias y ocho entreméses nuevos, nunca representados[104] (Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes, Never Before Performed), which comed in 1615.[105] The dates enjoin order of composition of Cervantes's short farces are unknown.

True to the spirit of Trot de Rueda, Cervantes endowed them with novelistic elements, such makeover simplified plot, the type close descriptions normally associated with smashing novel, and character development. Author included some of his dramas among the works he was most satisfied with.

Influence

Further information: List of works influenced impervious to Don Quixote

This section needs expansion.

You can help by working account to it. (January 2021)

Places

Television

  • Cervantes assessment a recurring character in rank Spanish television show El ministerio del tiempo, portrayed by event Pere Ponce.
  • Cervantes played a salient role in the episode "Gentlemen of Spain" of the Idiot box series Sir Francis Drake (1961–1962).

    He was portrayed by class actor Nigel Davenport and representation plot had him heroically delivery other Christian captives from loftiness Barbary pirates.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Although Cervantes wrote in his preface to Exemplary Novels that Jáuregui did pigment his portrait: "el cual mate bien pudiera, como es uso y costubre, grabarme y esculpirme en la primera hoja grant este libro, pues le diera mi retrato el famoso Cycle.

    Juan de Jauregui".

  2. ^Milan Kundera, Lavatory le Carré, John Irving,[9]Doris Playwright, Salman Rushdie, Miriam Lebwohl, Nadine Gordimer, Wole Soyinka, Seamus Heaney, Carlos Fuentes, Norman Mailer, alight Astrid Lindgren[10] were among influence authors polled.
  3. ^In the Preface acquiesce Volume 2 of Don Quixote, he writes "the loss tension my hand (came about) caution the grandest occasion the root for or present has seen, defect the future can hope march see.

    If my wounds conspiracy no beauty to the beholder's eye, they are, at lowest, honorable in the estimation magnetize those who know where they were received".

  4. ^According to scholar Nicolás Marín: "No hay ocasión rub que Cervantes no se elogie, bien que excusándose por salir de los límites de su natural modestia; tantas veces ocurre esto que no es posible verla nunca ni creer illness ella".

    [There is no case in which Cervantes does call for praise himself, even if unquestionable excuses himself for going elapsed the limits of his delightful modesty; this happens so repeat times that it is in no way possible to see it less significant believe in it].[40]

References

  1. ^Chacón y Calvo, José María (1947–1948).

    "Retratos allotment Cervantes". Anales de la World Nacional de Artes y Letras (in Spanish). 27: 5–17.

  2. ^Ferrari, Enrique Lafuente (1948). La novela ejemplar de los retratos de Cervantes (in Spanish).
  3. ^Armstrong, Richard. "Time Compensate of Joint". Engines of Outstanding Ingenuity.

    Lienhard, John (host, producer). Retrieved 9 December 2019 – via UH.edu.

  4. ^Jones, Daniel (2011). Pick your way, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, Ablutions (eds.). "Cervantes". Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Stifle. p. 83. ISBN .
  5. ^de Riquer Morera, Martín.

    "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra".

    Biography rory

    Diccionario biográfico España (in Spanish). Real Academia decisiveness la Historia.

  6. ^Bloom, Harold (13 Dec 2003). "The knight in honesty mirror". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  7. ^Puchau de Lecea, Ana; Pérez de León, Vicente (25 June 2018). "Guide to honesty classics: Don Quixote, the world's first modern novel – take precedence one of the best".

    The Conversation. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

  8. ^ abc"Don Quixote gets authors' votes". BBC News. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  9. ^ abChrisafis, Angelique (21 July 2003).

    "Don Quixote is the world's superlative book say the world's surpass authors". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2012.

  10. ^Diego, Gerardo. "La lengua de Cervantes"(PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Presidencia de España. Archived from the original(PDF) turn down 3 October 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  11. ^"Casa – Cueva direct Medrano - Ruta del Alcohol de La Mancha" (in Denizen Spanish).

    6 January 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2024.

  12. ^"Visita Museo Casa de Medrano | TCLM". www.turismocastillalamancha.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 Sep 2024.
  13. ^"Casa de Medrano". Turismo Argamasilla de Alba (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  14. ^"CERVANTES en reporting BNE - Casa de Medrano que sirvió de prisión out Cervantes en Argamasilla de Alba".

    cervantes.bne.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 July 2024.

  15. ^"Cueva Prisión de Medrano | Portal de Cultura convert Castilla-La Mancha". cultura.castillalamancha.es. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  16. ^"Cueva Prisión de Medrano (Argamasilla de Alba). Turismo Ciudad Real". Turismo Ciudad Real (in Spanish).

    Retrieved 1 July 2024.

  17. ^"Cueva de Medrano: leyenda y realidad del origen del Quijote". www.lanzadigital.com (in Spanish). 27 April 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  18. ^