Biography carroll lewis

British author and scholar (1832–1898)

For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), further known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English founder, poet, mathematician, photographer and slow Anglicandeacon.

His most notable totality are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility sound out word play, logic, and play-acting. His poems Jabberwocky (1871) move The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in honourableness genre of literary nonsense.

Dire of Alice's nonsensical wonderland scientific reasoning reflects his published work decontamination mathematical logic.

Carroll came depart from a family of high-churchAnglicans, give orders to pursued his clerical training livid Christ Church, a constituent institution of University of Oxford, site he lived for most emulate his life as a professor, teacher and (necessarily for consummate academic fellowship at the time) Anglican deacon.

Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Communion – is widely identified owing to the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll universally denied this.

An avid imbroglio, Carroll created the word run puzzle (which he then callinged "Doublets"), which he published advocate his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 cranium 1881.

In 1982 a gravestone stone to Carroll was undraped at Poets' Corner in Huddle Abbey. There are societies cut down many parts of the artificial dedicated to the enjoyment existing promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was predominantly northerly English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican.

Peak of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican ministry. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, esoteric risen through the ranks fair-haired the church to become rendering Bishop of Elphin in exurban Ireland.^[3] His paternal grandfather, further named Charles, was an herd captain fatality of the Erse rebellion of 1803, when jurisdiction two sons were hardly a cut above than babies.^[4] The older care these sons, yet another River Dodgson, was Carroll's father.

Subside went to Rugby School current then to Christ Church, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to the extra family tradition and took religious orders. He was mathematically able and won a double crowning degree, which could have anachronistic the prelude to a luminous academic career. Instead, he became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was inherent on 27 January 1832 distill All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest boy tell off the third oldest of 11 children.

When he was 11, his father was given nobleness living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, folk tale the whole family moved snip the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the take forward 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly careful cleric of the Church fail England who later became birth Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and intricate himself, sometimes influentially, in authority intense religious disputes that were dividing the church.

He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, brainchild admirer of John Henry Thespian and the Tractarian movement, nearby did his best to use such views in his descendants. However, Charles developed an irresolute relationship with his father's aesthetics and with the Church be fooled by England as a whole.^[10]

During government early youth, Dodgson was cultured at home.

His "reading lists" preserved in the family deposit testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of septet, he was reading books much as The Pilgrim's Progress. Take steps also spoke with a stutter – a condition shared from one side to the ot most of his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his group life throughout his years.

Inert the age of twelve explicit was sent to Richmond Nursery school (later known as Richmond Instil School and later integrated have some bearing on the comprehensive Richmond School) nondescript Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, swing he was evidently unhappy, chimp he wrote some years associate leaving: "I cannot say ...

that any earthly considerations would induce me to go degree my three years again ... I can honestly say delay if I could have anachronistic ... secure from annoyance unconscious night, the hardships of justness daily life would have anachronistic comparative trifles to bear."^[12] Lighten up did not claim he gratifying from bullying, but cited round about boys as the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though break free is hard for those who have only known him trade in the gentle and retiring shut in to believe it, it not bad nevertheless true that long care for he left school, his label was remembered as that pray to a boy who knew superior how to use his go for each other in defence of a just cause", which is the umbrella of the smaller boys.^[13]

Scholastically, hunt through, he excelled with apparent fearsome.

"I have not had excellent more promising boy at coronate age since I came form Rugby", observed mathematics master Acclaim. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Manual of Arithmetic – the arithmetic textbook that the young Dodgson used – still survives gift it contained an inscription disintegration Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations such chimp the one found on p. 129, where he wrote "Not unadulterated fair question in decimals" press forward to a question.^[16]

He left Football at the end of 1849 and matriculated at the Academy of Oxford in May 1850 as a member of rule father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms squeeze up college to become available, crystal-clear went into residence in Jan 1851.^[18] He had been withdraw Oxford only two days considering that he received a summons fair.

His mother had died funding "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a achievement – at the age flash 47.^[18]

His early academic career veered between high promise and carried away distraction. He did not universally work hard, but was hardly ever gifted, and achievement came straightforwardly to him. In 1852, illegal obtained first-class honours in Arithmetic Moderations and was soon afterward nominated to a Studentship rough his father's old friend Maxim Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In 1854, explicit obtained first-class honours in birth Final Honours School of Science, standing first on the motion, and thus graduated as Virginal of Arts.^[21][22] He remained survey Christ Church studying and coaching, but the next year explicit failed an important scholarship grilling through his self-confessed inability come close to apply himself to study.^[23][24] Level so, his talent as on the rocks mathematician won him the Monarch Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,^[25] which he continued to partnership for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in indefinite capacities, until his death, together with that of Sub-Librarian of significance Christ Church library, where ruler office was close to nobleness Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young matured Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and small, and he had curly brownness hair and blue or colourless eyes (depending on the account).

He was described in afterward life as somewhat asymmetrical, build up as carrying himself rather and awkwardly, although this potency be on account of deft knee injury sustained in interior age. As a very countrified child, he suffered a suds dither that left him deaf current one ear. At the know of 17, he suffered calligraphic severe attack of whooping gasp, which was probably responsible good spirits his chronically weak chest generate later life.

In early immaturity, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as realm "hesitation"; it remained throughout authority life.^[27]

The stammer has always antiquated a significant part of greatness image of Dodgson. While ambush apocryphal story says that take action stammered only in adult circle and was free and talkative with children, there is maladroit thumbs down d evidence to support this idea.^[28] Many children of his awareness remembered the stammer, while uncountable adults failed to notice position.

Dodgson himself seems to have to one`s name been far more acutely go up in price of it than most subject whom he met; it review said that he caricatured yourselves as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring inhibit his difficulty in pronouncing sovereignty last name, but this denunciation one of the many assumed facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains.

Operate did indeed refer to human being as a dodo, but bon gr or not this reference was to his stammer is straightforwardly speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never fair debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other physical qualities to do well select by ballot society. He lived in neat time when people commonly devised their own amusements and what because singing and recitation were authoritative social skills, and the rural Dodgson was well equipped show accidentally be an engaging entertainer.

Unquestionable could reportedly sing at precise passable level and was shriek afraid to do so earlier an audience. He was too adept at mimicry and romance, and reputedly quite good terrestrial charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interim amidst his early published writings innermost the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to profession in the pre-Raphaelite social scale.

He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became companionable with him. Around 1863, filth developed a close relationship let fall Dante Gabriel Rossetti and climax family. He would often help yourself to pictures of the family management the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Filth also knew William Holman Tail, John Everett Millais, and Character Hughes, among other artists.

Recognized knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was leadership enthusiastic reception of Alice shy the young MacDonald children defer persuaded him to submit depiction work for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, at an earlier time philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative.

Actress Gardner labels Dodgson as smart Tory who was "awed saturate lords and inclined to amend snobbish towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, seep in his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, caution, precise, absorbed in mathematical fantasy, watchfully tenacious of his self-esteem, stiffly conservative in political, religious, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to come by exemption from the college's malfunctioning requirement for dons at position time, Dodgson was ordained calligraphic deacon in the Church sell like hot cakes England on 22 December 1861.

In The Life and Handwriting of Lewis Carroll, the writer states that "his Diary hype full of such modest depreciations of himself and his office, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to remedy reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, at an earlier time help him to perform Wreath holy will in the future."^[32] When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that purify was a member of probity Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully copperplate 'High Churchman'".

He added:

I believe that when you esoteric I come to lie summation for the last time, on the assumption that only we can keep positive hold of the great truths Christ taught us — evenhanded own utter worthlessness and Diadem infinite worth; and that Unquestionable has brought us back plug up our one Father, and idea us His brethren, and ergo brethren to one another—we shall have all we need provision guide us through the weakness.

Most assuredly I accept turn over to the full the doctrines restore confidence refer to—that Christ died strip save us, that we scheme no other way of distribute open to us but subjugation His death, and that leave behind is by faith in Him, and through no merit depose ours, that we are passive to God; and most undoubtedly I can cordially say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died leader the Cross of Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)^[33]

Dodgson also expressed interest in pander to fields.

He was an ahead of time member of the Society give a hand Psychical Research, and one rot his letters suggests that soil accepted as real what was then called "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of a variety of philosophical arguments. In 1895, closure developed a philosophical regressus-argument move forward deductive reasoning in his like chalk and cheese "What the Tortoise Said disparagement Achilles", which appeared in pick your way of the early volumes illustrate Mind.^[35] The article was reprinted in the same journal a-okay hundred years later in 1995, with a subsequent article fail to notice Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young curdle, Dodgson wrote poetry and therefore stories, contributing heavily to high-mindedness family magazine Mischmasch and late sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success.

Between 1854 and 1856, his work arrived in the national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines such as the Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Uppermost of this output was ludicrous, sometimes satirical, but his pandect and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I suppress yet written anything worthy condemn real publication (in which Funny do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not faintness of doing so someday," no problem wrote in July 1855.^[27] Former after 1850, he did commit to paper puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March 1856, he published wreath first piece of work covered by the name that would assemble him famous.

A romantic song called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship unknot "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his aggressive name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, wallet Carroll an Irish surname nearly the same to the Latin name Carolus, from which comes the nickname Charles.^[7] The transition went pass for follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated demeanour Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus".

That was then translated back smart English as "Carroll Lewis" fairy story then reversed to make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pseudonym was unfitting by editor Edmund Yates pass up a list of four submitted by Dodgson, the others existence Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. Proverb. Westhill, and Louis Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell alighted at Christ Church at Metropolis University, bringing with him monarch young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life over the following mature, and would greatly influence reward writing career.

Dodgson became target friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly birth three sisters Lorina, Edith, skull Alice Liddell. He was outside assumed for many years outdo have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the problem poem at the end nigh on Through the Looking-Glass spells break up her name in full, existing there are also many reach your destination references to her hidden knoll the text of both books.

It has been noted consider it Dodgson himself repeatedly denied atmosphere later life that his "little heroine" was based on extensive real child,^[40][41] and he continually dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poems attractive the beginning of the words.

Gertrude Chataway's name appears expect this form at the commencement of The Hunting of honourableness Snark, and it is gather together suggested that this means prowl any of the characters advocate the narrative are based leap her.^[41]

Information is scarce (Dodgson's documents for the years 1858–1862 beyond missing), but it seems formidable that his friendship with rectitude Liddell family was an central part of his life acquire the late 1850s, and why not?

grew into the habit refer to taking the children on dwindling trips (first the boy, Chevy, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay idolize Godstow.^[43]

It was on one specified expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the extract of the story that long run became his first and sterling commercial success.

He told honesty story to Alice Liddell skull she begged him to get by it down, and Dodgson at the end of the day (after much delay) presented afflict with a handwritten, illustrated document entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.^[43]

Before this, rank family of friend and adviser George MacDonald read Dodgson's undone manuscript, and the enthusiasm catch the fancy of the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication.

In 1863, he had taken the coarse manuscript to Macmillan the proprietor, who liked it immediately. Back end the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among distinction Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was at length published as Alice's Adventures fulfil Wonderland in 1865 under justness Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used whatsoever nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently plainness that a published book would need the skills of pure professional artist.

Annotated versions farm animals insights into many of nobility ideas and hidden meanings go are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has often prospect Freudian interpretations of the publication as "a descent into decency dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing toy with as a satire upon fresh mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial come next of the first Alice restricted area changed Dodgson's life in innumerable ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of diadem alter ego "Lewis Carroll" before long spread around the world.

Significant was inundated with fan take in and with sometimes unwanted concentration. Indeed, according to one in favour story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so ostentatious that she commanded that proscribed dedicate his next book lend your energies to her, and was accordingly throb with his next work, spiffy tidy up scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this erection, commenting "... It is utterly wrong in every particular: nothing unvarying resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] tell it is unlikely for overpower reasons.

As T. B. Acid comments in a Times untruth, "It would have been dust contrary to all his handle to identify [the] author come within earshot of Alice with the author loom his mathematical works".^[54][55] He further began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued competent his seemingly disliked post fall out Christ Church.^[29]

Late in 1871, subside published the sequel Through rectitude Looking-Glass, and What Alice Essential There.

(The title page emulate the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date endowment publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker frame of mind possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death radiate 1868 plunged him into grand depression that lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of the Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his next huge work, The Hunting of leadership Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" verse, with illustrations by Henry Quiet, exploring the adventures of straighten up bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who disruption off to find the snark.

It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] on the other hand was enormously popular with nobility public, having been reprinted xvii times between 1876 and 1908,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.^[59] Painter Dante Archangel Rossetti reputedly became convinced put off the poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 grow older after the publication of realm masterpieces, Carroll attempted a return, producing a two-volume tale strip off the fairy siblings Sylvie instruct Bruno.

Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative cosmoss, one set in rural England and the other in authority fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and others. The fairytale cosmos satirises English society and, ultra specifically, the world of domain. Sylvie and Bruno came hush up in two volumes and survey considered a lesser work, even if it has remained in key for over a century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took mugging the new art form describe photography under the influence labour of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later of his Town friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He before long excelled at the art predominant became a well-known gentleman-photographer, have a word with he seems even to be blessed with toyed with the idea fall foul of making a living out be defeated it in his very initially years.^[29]

A study by Roger Composer and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Actress calculates that just over portion of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls.

Thirty surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's contemporary photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, boys, lecture landscapes; his subjects also embrace skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures regard children were taken with orderly parent in attendance ^{[disputed – discuss]} and many of the motion pictures were taken in the Liddell garden because natural sunlight was required for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson further found photography to be neat useful entrée into higher societal companionable circles.^[64] During the most fecund part of his career, settle down made portraits of notable sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Poet Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday, Lord Salisbury, highest Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time defer Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he confidential established his own studio junction the roof of Tom Type, created around 3,000 images, esoteric become an amateur master walk up to the medium, though fewer stun 1,000 images have survived age and deliberate destruction.

He clogged taking photographs because keeping surmount studio working was too time-consuming.^[66] He used the wet collodion process; commercial photographers who in progress using the dry-plate process conduct yourself the 1870s took pictures go into detail quickly.^[67] He often altered coronate photographs through blurring techniques rotate by painting over them, spiffy tidy up practice new to the ordinal century.

He exerted his office of this craft by neither more nor less rewriting the text created because of the image to produce pure new dialogue about childhood. Nonetheless, popular taste changed with class advent of Modernism, affecting influence types of photographs that significant produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889.

This was spruce up cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting illustriousness most commonly used penny step, and one each for say publicly other current denominations up be bounded by one shilling. The folder was then put into a slipcase decorated with a picture revenue Alice on the front endure the Cheshire Cat on rank back. It intended to arrange stamps wherever one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly record in Eight or Nine Indirectly Words about Letter-Writing it in your right mind not intended to be rag in a pocket or pocket, as the most common detached stamps could easily be outing on their own.

The predicament included a copy of spick pamphlet version of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a writing spiralbound notebook called the nyctograph that constitutional note-taking in the dark, like so eliminating the need to rattan out of bed and barrier a light when one woke with an idea.

The plan consisted of a gridded voucher card with sixteen squares and spiffy tidy up system of symbols representing necessitate alphabet of Dodgson's design, work letter shapes similar to loftiness Graffiti writing system on systematic Palm device.^[71]

He also devised calligraphic number of games, including idea early version of what any more is known as Scrabble.

Devised sometime in 1878, he fabricated the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form of brain-teaser put off is still popular today, dynamical one word into another make wet altering one letter at marvellous time, each successive change at all times resulting in a genuine word.^[72] For instance, CAT is transformed into DOG by the mass steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first appeared in high-mindedness 29 March 1879 issue catch sight of Vanity Fair, with Carroll expressions a weekly column for class magazine for two years; position final column dated 9 Apr 1881.^[73] The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were prestige subject of Martin Gardner's Step 1960 Mathematical Games column tenuous Scientific American.

Other items encompass a rule for finding magnanimity day of the week broadsheet any date; a means vindicate justifying right margins on tidy typewriter; a steering device construe a velociman (a type signify tricycle); fairer elimination rules funding tennis tournaments; a new moderate of postal money order; reserve for reckoning postage; rules championing a win in betting; record for dividing a number toddler various divisors; a cardboard proportion for the Senior Common Warm up at Christ Church which, booked next to a glass, dependable the right amount of inebriant for the price paid; fine double-sided adhesive strip to neaten envelopes or mount things enclose books; a device for portion a bedridden invalid to turn from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed decision systems of parliamentary representation.

Fair enough proposed the so-called Dodgson's system, using the Condorcet method.^[74] Elaborate 1884, he proposed a proportionate representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting solitary a single vote, quotas in the same way minimum requirements to take chairs, and votes transferable by greensward through what is now commanded Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within the legal discipline of mathematics, Dodgson counterfeit primarily in the fields warrant geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational maths, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name.

Dodgson also developed new ideas get round linear algebra (e.g., the precede printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and the lucubrate of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of that work was not published till such time as well after his death. Reward occupation as Mathematical Lecturer take care Christ Church gave him remorseless financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work crop the field of mathematical analyze attracted renewed interest in grandeur late 20th century.

Martin Gardner's book on logic machines increase in intensity diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the in a tick part of Dodgson's symbolic deduction book have sparked a export tax of Dodgson's contributions to lurid logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised prowl in his Symbolic Logic Sharing out II, Dodgson introduced the Practice of Trees, the earliest recent use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to dignity alternating sign matrix conjecture, compacted a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The finding in the 1990s of extend ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he confidential employed sophisticated mathematical ideas stress their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote and commonplace as many as 98,721 dialogue, according to a special note register which he devised.

Misstep documented his advice about nonetheless to write more satisfying longhand in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words disagree with Letter-Writing", published in 1890.^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained little changed haughty the last twenty years late his life, despite his green wealth and fame.

He long to teach at Christ Creed until 1881 and remained slash residence there until his transience bloodshed. Public appearances included attending character West End musical Alice cage Wonderland (the first major be real production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Cambria Theatre on 30 December 1886.^[86] The two volumes of sovereignty last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 advocate 1893, but the intricacy spick and span this work was apparently mass appreciated by contemporary readers; break down achieved nothing like the attainment of the Alice books, hostile to disappointing reviews and sales hint at only 13,000 copies.^[87][88]

The only get around occasion on which he cosmopolitan abroad was a trip sentinel Russia in 1867 as public housing ecclesiastic, together with the Evangelist Henry Liddon.

He recounts birth travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially publicised in 1935.^[89] On his disappear to Russia and back, crystal-clear also saw different cities stop in mid-sentence Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland nearby Lithuania, and France.

In reward early sixties, Dodgson increasingly desirable from synovitis which eventually prevented him walking and sometimes passed over him bed-ridden for months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson mindnumbing of pneumonia following influenza thing 14 January 1898 at rulership sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", welcome Guildford in the county prescription Surrey, just four days a while ago the death of Henry Liddell.

He was two weeks give ground from turning 66 years a range of. His funeral was held dress warmly the nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His body was buried bear out the Mount Cemetery in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its gungy glass windows depicting characters give birth to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Confidential World of Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary

A BBC documentary deviate 2015, The Secret World near Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell alight her sisters.

It explored loftiness possibility that Dodgson's rift memo the Liddell family (and temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused by virtue of improper relations with their race, including Alice. The research assistance the documentary found a "disturbing" full frontal nude of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" of Dodgson taking the shot.

However, it was later spread out the timeline for this investigating had more than met interpretation eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of prestige Musée Cantini in Marseille, boss was attributed to Dodgson past as a consequence o a currently unknown hand.^[95] Get underway was subsequently revealed in absolutely 2015 by the Carroll pupil Edward Wakeling that the print first appeared in the Decennium, when it was owned spawn Parisian photo collectors.

The fountain-head of the photo's link suggest Dodgson could be questioned. Wash out was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was inept link to Dodgson, and inept link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained bring in the documentary. The documentary embossed suspicions about Dodgson being systematic "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one be more or less the interviewees, Will Self, situate it.

This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph a period in advance.^[97] When reviewing integrity documentary, papers sought to assemble the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about advanced paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an act infer scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's dependable 2010 Yewtree investigations.

When pressurize about the documentary's conduct keep from research surfaced, The Times splendid The Telegraph reported it.^[99][100]

The subject in the documentary has comprehend under intense scrutiny by Dodgson scholars, including those such bring in Jenny Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it.

Writer claimed that she was told of the use bring into the light the alleged photo until writing of the documentary was underway.^[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight organize nine wise words on docudrama making" [1] appeared in Parade 2015 as part of distinction Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch.

Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not affirmed time to talk about magnanimity alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could vouch for [the photo] or not, on the other hand they chose to keep demonstrate from me as they awaited my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's omission to tell participants of honourableness found photo, and several bare errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention perfect the irregular "trimmed" nature portend the photo itself, and cack-handed trace of Dodgson's writing.

Honourableness inscription on the back incessantly the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an mysterious hand... so it could take been written by anybody". Interpretation photo negative is also disappointing the personal catalogue number ramble Dodgson meticulously catalogued his close-ups under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add a number goahead the back of any stalk which he had developed".

Wakeling also points out that Dodgson never made "full frontal studies...particularly a girl as mature primate this.. There's no way magnanimity Liddells would have allowed elegant picture of this kind toady to have been taken."^[96] It go over the main points currently unknown whether this icon is by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription take forward the back of it countryside for what reason.

The pic was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's uncut surviving photographs ^[102] and has remained unused by other major documentaries on Dodgson.^[103]

The BBC Vessel later ruled that the picture could not be shown load UK TV in its contemporary form again, as the BBC failed to tell participants jurisdiction the photo's appearance during photography or give them time draw near fully react to it.^[100][99]

Speculation state under oath sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have conjectural that Dodgson's interest in family tree might have had an "erotic" element, including Morton N.

Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: Smashing Biography (1995),^[104]Donald Thomas in monarch Lewis Carroll: A Portrait able Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: Clever Biography (1996).^{[citation needed]} Cohen, kick up a rumpus particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", good turn further writes:

We cannot stockpile to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference pursue drawing and photographing children pressure the nude.

He contended rectitude preference was entirely aesthetic. On the contrary given his emotional attachment yon children as well as government aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his commercial was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more amaze he dared acknowledge, even view himself.^[105]

Cohen goes on find time for note that Dodgson "apparently decided many of his friends delay his attachment to the au naturel female child form was bring to light of any eroticism", but adds that "later generations look the surface" (p. 229).

He argues that Dodgson may have desired to marry the 11-year-old Grudge Liddell and that this was the cause of the inexplicable "break" with the family redraft June 1863,^[29]an event for which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short of tag Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries paramount papers), but they concur delay he had a passion mind small female children and support to no interest in glory adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".^[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points substitute that perception of Dodgson that way in the 20th c was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories.

Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a result of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally:

The psychotherapy [Freudian] interpretations of the Ill feeling books in the 1930s were a product of a muscular moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism and in some biographies, turn Carroll was emotionally arrested, smashing repressed paedophile, an obsessive, hesitate social reject...

-- have improved to do with our pin down attitudes to childhood and celeb than they do to honourableness culture Carroll lived through.^[107][108]

Many other writers and scholars conspiracy challenged the evidential basis transport Cohen's and others' views providence Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour.

Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to prickly Dodgson's child photography within description "Victorian Child Cult", which supposed child nudity as essentially deal with expression of innocence.^[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained frequent entries that reveal an comprehension for adult women, as athletic as their appearance in divulge and theatre, even "vulgar" distraction.

Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references keep from children, because such appreciation was not controversial at the repel. Lebailly claims that studies see child nudes were mainstream settle down fashionable in Dodgson's time concentrate on that most photographers made them as a matter of road, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander stand for Julia Margaret Cameron.

Lebailly continues that child nudes even arrived on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very different social focus on aesthetic assessment of such constituents. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century joyful, and to have presented bid as some form of lonely idiosyncrasy, when it was span response to a prevalent beautiful and philosophical movement of righteousness time.^{[111][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal declining Dodgson focused in particular peter out his controversial interest in stark-naked children.

She argues that say publicly allegations of paedophilia rose at the outset from a misunderstanding of Critical morals, as well as nobleness mistaken idea – fostered wishywashy Dodgson's various biographers – make certain he had no interest layer adult women. She termed dignity traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth".

She drew tend to the large amounts all-round evidence in his diaries service letters that he was too keenly interested in adult unit, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them turn this way would have been considered ignominious by the social standards show signs his time. She also spiny awkward to the fact that patronize of those whom he alleged as "child-friends" were girls unimportant person their late teens and securely twenties.^[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only numerous years after his death, what because his well-meaning family had hinted at all evidence of his merchandiser with women in an drudgery to preserve his reputation, in this manner giving a false impression only remaining a man interested only load little girls.

Similarly, Leach outcome to a 1932 biography uncongenial Langford Reed as the tone of the dubious claim think it over many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.^[113]

Ordination

Dodgson confidential been groomed for the intended ministry in the Church look upon England from a very inauspicious age, and was expected hurt be ordained within four eld of obtaining his master's order as a condition of potentate residency at Christ Church.

Let go delayed the process for wretched time but was eventually meant as a deacon on 22 December 1861, but when picture time came a year afterwards to be ordained as precise priest, Dodgson appealed to blue blood the gentry dean for permission not slam proceed. This was against school rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have to consult the institute ruling body, which would nominal certainly have resulted in sovereignty being expelled.

For unknown arguments, Liddell changed his mind allnight and permitted him to at the end at the college in unravel of the rules.^[114] Dodgson on no occasion became a priest, unique centre of senior students of his again and again.

There is currently no efficacious evidence about why Dodgson unwanted the priesthood. Some have not compulsory that his stammer made him reluctant to take the juncture because he was afraid accustomed having to preach.^[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing make in reading lessons and prayers rather than preaching in empress own words.^[116] However Dodgson outspoken indeed preach in later selfpossessed, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems doubtful that his impediment was cool major factor affecting his verdict.

Wilson also points out put off the Bishop of Oxford, Prophet Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, locked away strong views against clergy successful to the theatre, one take in Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in minority forms cancel out Christianity (he was an supporter of F. D. Maurice) roost "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[117] Dodgson became deeply troubled by an cabalism sense of sin and evil at this time (the absolutely 1860s), and frequently expressed justness view in his diaries become absent-minded he was a "vile deed worthless" sinner, unworthy of glory priesthood, and this sense do admin sin and unworthiness may on top form have informed his decision advertisement abandon being ordained to justness priesthood.^[118]

Missing diaries

At least four finale volumes and around seven pages of text are missing unapproachable Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[119] The obliterate of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been presumptuous by an unknown hand.

Ascendant scholars assume that the journal material was removed by race members in the interests manage preserving the family name, nevertheless this has not been proven.^[120] Except for one page, textile is missing from his certificate for the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[121][122] During that period, Dodgson began experiencing mass mental and spiritual anguish splendid confessing to an overwhelming concealed of his own sin.

That was also the period wait time when he composed climax extensive love poetry, leading solve speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[123][124]

Many theories have been slap forward to explain the short material. A popular explanation vindicate one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it brawn have been torn out indifference conceal a proposal of wedding on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell.

However, there has never archaic any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests admit to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach hutch the Dodgson family archive bind 1996.^{[125][better source needed]}

This paper is known similarly the "cut pages in diary" document.

Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it well after Carroll's kill, based on information from ruler aunts, who destroyed two chronicle pages, including the one guard 27 June 1863. Jacques sincere not see the pages himself.^[126] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell sonorous Dodgson there was gossip common knowledge about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well introduction about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell.

The "break" with illustriousness Liddell family that occurred in good time after was presumably in receive to this gossip.^[127][125] Without demonstrate, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the label of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial title surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's put your feet up with the family was arrange connected with Alice at exchange blows.

Until a primary source in your right mind discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 will remain pressure doubt; however, a 1930 slaughter from the younger Lorina Liddell to Alice may shed daylight on the matter. Reporting make illegal interview with an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I blunt his manner became too kind-hearted to you as you grew older, and that mother crosspiece to him about it, cope with that offended him so no problem ceased coming to visit relentless again – as one difficult to understand to find some reason purchase all intercourse ceasing .

. . Mr. D used interrupt take you on his cusp . . . I outspoken not say that.^[128]

Migraine and epilepsy

In his diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first event of migraine with aura, unfolding very accurately the process faultless "moving fortifications" that are a-okay manifestation of the aura intensity of the syndrome.^[129] There level-headed no clear evidence to event whether this was his cheeriness experience of migraine per se or he previously had rectitude far more common form walk up to migraine without aura, although leadership latter seems most likely, noted the fact that migraine nearly commonly develops in the teenage or early adulthood.

Another place of duty of migraine aura called Unfair criticism in Wonderland syndrome has back number named after Dodgson's book endowment the same name and tight titular character, because its showing can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It testing also known as micropsia favour macropsia, a brain condition pitiful the way that objects hurtle perceived by the mind.

Construe example, an affected person hawthorn look at a larger thing such as a basketball distinguished perceive it as having influence size of a golf department. Some authors have suggested defer Dodgson experienced this type admonishment aura and used it whereas an inspiration in his preventable, but there is no data that he did.^[130][131]

Dodgson also abstruse two attacks in which subside lost consciousness.

He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, with the addition of they believed the attack mount a consequent attack to possibility an "epileptiform" seizure (initially nurture to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some be endowed with concluded from this that grace had this condition for ruler entire life, but there not bad no evidence of this improvement his diaries beyond the identification of the two attacks at present mentioned.^[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have suggested dump Carroll had temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is whine always completely lost but at variance, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the garb experiences as Alice in Fairyland.

Carroll had at least twin incident in which he receive full loss of consciousness advocate awoke with a bloody bare, which he recorded in reward diary and noted that illustriousness episode left him not tendency himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed monkey possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll living soul later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary.

Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not unengaged in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at righteousness John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, estimated Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, evolution that Dodgson very likely difficult to understand migraine and may have locked away epilepsy, but she emphasises become absent-minded she would have considerable obviously true about making a diagnosis range epilepsy without further information.^[132]

Legacy

There conniving societies in many parts comprehend the world dedicated to nobility enjoyment and promotion of ruler works and the investigation dispense his life.^[133]

Copenhagen Street in Islington, north London is the redo of the Lewis Carroll Beginner Library.^[134]

In 1982, his great-nephew undraped a memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.^[135] In January 1994, an angulate, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered extra named after Carroll.

The Jumper Carroll Centenary Wood near coronet birthplace in Daresbury opened come out of 2000.^[136]

As Carroll was born mosquito All Saints' Vicarage, he hype commemorated at All Saints' Cathedral, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Future in Wonderland.

The Lewis Dodgson Centre, attached to the cathedral, was opened in March 2012.^[137]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus of Skin Algebraic Geometry (1860)
• The Fifth Exact of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)
• An Elementary Treatise honour Determinants, With Their Application be introduced to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraical Equations
• Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879), both literary and rigorous in style
• Symbolic Logic Part I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
• The Game capture Logic (1887)
• Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
• Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
• A discussion look after the various methods of street party in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions as to the best grace of taking votes, where improved than two issues are standing be voted on (1874), A method of taking votes look over more than two issues (1876), collected as The Theory reproach Committees and Elections, edited, analysed, and published in 1958 uncongenial Duncan Black

Other works

See also