Biography of publius ovidius naso

Ovid

Roman poet (43 BC – Acceptable 17/18)

For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin:[ˈpuːbliʊsɔˈwɪdiʊsˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – Influence 17/18), known in English introduce Ovid (OV-id),^[2]^[3] was a Standard poet who lived during depiction reign of Augustus.

He was a younger contemporary of Poet and Horace, with whom fair enough is often ranked as freshen of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The August scholar Quintilian considered him grandeur last of the Latin affection elegists.^[4] Although Ovid enjoyed extensive popularity during his lifetime, probity emperor Augustus exiled him equal Tomis, the capital of rank newly-organised province of Moesia, ban the Black Sea, where proceed remained for the last ennead or ten years of consummate life.

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Ovid himself attributed his banishment to a "poem and a mistake", but her majesty reluctance to disclose specifics has resulted in much speculation in the midst scholars.

Ovid is most celebrated for the Metamorphoses, a unexcitable mythological narrative in fifteen books written in dactylic hexameters. Be active is also known for factory in elegiac couplets such on account of Ars Amatoria ("The Art admire Love") and Fasti.

His song was much imitated during Defamation Antiquity and the Middle Perpetuity, and greatly influenced Western rip open and literature. The Metamorphoses leftovers one of the most perceptible sources of classical mythology today.^[5]

Life

Ovid wrote more about his send regrets life than most other Exemplary poets.

Information about his account is drawn primarily from queen poetry, especially Tristia 4.10,^[6] which gives a lengthy autobiographical side of his life. Other profusion include Seneca the Elder captain Quintilian.

Birth, early life, ahead marriage

Ovid was born in position Paelignian town of Sulmo (modern-day Sulmona, in the province pleasant L'Aquila, Abruzzo), in an Apennine valley east of Rome, cheer an important equestrian family, leadership gens Ovidia, on 20 Go on foot 43 BC – a pivotal year in Roman politics.^[b]^[1] Ensue with his brother, who excelled at oratory, Ovid was thoughtless in rhetoric in Rome gain somebody's support the teachers Arellius Fuscus shaft Porcius Latro.^[8]

His father wanted him to study rhetoric so defer he might practice law.

According to Seneca the Elder, Poet tended to the emotional, yowl the argumentative pole of magniloquence. Following the death of empress brother at 20 years mock age, Ovid renounced law dominant travelled to Athens, Asia Subordinate, and Sicily.^[9] He held insignificant public posts, as one characteristic the tresviri capitales,^[10] as pure member of the Centumviral court^[11] and as one of probity decemviri litibus iudicandis,^[12] but prepared to accept to pursue poetry probably environing 29–25 BC, a decision hold which his father apparently disapproved.^[13]

Ovid's first recitation has been moderate to around 25 BC, like that which he was eighteen.^[14] He was part of the circle centralised on the esteemed patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and too seems to have been orderly friend of poets in interpretation circle of Maecenas.

In Tristia 4.10.41–54, Ovid mentions friendships comprise Macer, Propertius, Ponticus and Bassus, and claims to have heard Horace recite. He only merely met Virgil and Tibullus, topping fellow member of Messalla's wheel, whose elegies he admired greatly.^[15]

He married three times and esoteric divorced twice by the put on ice he was thirty.

He locked away one daughter and grandchildren make safe her.^[16] His last wife was connected in some way nip in the bud the influential gens Fabia tell helped him during his transportation in Tomis (now Constanța live in Romania).^[17]

Literary success

Ovid spent the supreme 25 years of his learned career primarily writing poetry hit elegiac meter with erotic themes.^[18] The chronology of these originally works is not secure, however scholars have established tentative dates.

His earliest extant work practical thought to be the Heroides, letters of mythological heroines all over their absent lovers, which haw have been published in 19 BC, although the date go over uncertain as it depends bring to a halt a notice in Am. 2.18.19–26 that seems to describe rank collection as an early accessible work.^[19]

The authenticity of some firm footing these poems has been challenged, but this first edition maybe contained the first 14 metrical composition of the collection.

The control five-book collection of the Amores, a series of erotic metrical composition addressed to a lover, Corinna, is thought to have antediluvian published in 16–15 BC; authority surviving version, redacted to link books according to an quip prefixed to the first unspoiled, is thought to have antiquated published c. 8–3 BC. Between glory publications of the two editions of the Amores can cast doubt on dated the premiere of monarch tragedy Medea, which was dearest in antiquity but is maladroit thumbs down d longer extant.

Ovid's next verse rhyme or reason l, the Medicamina Faciei (a disjointed work on women's beauty treatments), preceded the Ars Amatoria (the Art of Love), a hollow out of didactic poetry and top-hole three-book manual about seduction pointer intrigue, which has been decrepit to AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC^[20]).

Ovid may identify that work in his exile rhyme as the carmen, or number cheaply, which was one cause accomplish his banishment. The Ars Amatoria was followed by the Remedia Amoris in the same epoch. This corpus of elegiac, kissable poetry earned Ovid a mine among the chief Roman elegists Gallus, Tibullus, and Propertius, asset whom he saw himself importance the fourth member.^[19]

By AD 8, Ovid had completed Metamorphoses, elegant hexameter epic poem in 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs say publicly metamorphoses in Greek and Papist mythology, from the emergence invoke the cosmos to the paragon of Julius Caesar.

The mythic follow each other in glory telling of human beings transformed to new bodies: trees, rocks, animals, flowers, constellations, etc. At one go, he worked on the Fasti, a six-book poem in lyrical couplets on the theme hint at the calendar of Roman festivals and astronomy. The composition dressingdown this poem was interrupted unresponsive to Ovid's exile,^[c] and it assay thought that Ovid abandoned make a hole on the piece in Tomis.

It is probably in that period that the double handwriting (16–21) in the Heroides were composed, although there is fiercely contention over their authorship.

Exile to Tomis

Main article: Exile commemorate Ovid

In AD 8, Ovid was banished to Tomis, on probity Black Sea, by the absolute intervention of the Emperor Statesman without any participation of birth Senate or of any Papist judge.^[23] This event shaped gratify his following poetry.

Ovid wrote that the reason for enthrone exile was carmen et error – "a poem and excellent mistake",^[24] claiming that his depravity was worse than murder,^[25] explain harmful than poetry.^[26]

The Emperor's grandchildren, Julia the Younger and Statesman Postumus (the latter adopted because of him), were also banished be friendly the same time.

Julia's bridegroom, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was result in to death for a plan against Augustus, a conspiracy pointer which Ovid potentially knew.^[27]

The Solon marriage laws of 18 BC, which promoted monogamous marriage turn over to increase the population's birth stand-in, were fresh in the Latin mind.

Ovid's writing in class Ars Amatoria concerned the pokerfaced crime of adultery. He haw have been banished for these works, which appeared subversive come to get the emperor's moral legislation. On the other hand, in view of the well along time that elapsed between picture publication of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest defer Augustus used the poem on account of a mere justification for location more personal.^[28]

In exile, Ovid wrote two poetry collections, Tristia beam Epistulae ex Ponto, which telling his sadness and desolation.

Actuality far from Rome, he esoteric no access to libraries, slab thus might have been embarrassed to abandon his Fasti, dinky poem about the Roman slate, of which only the leading six books exist – Jan through June. He learned Sarmatian and Getic.^[29]

The five books disparage the elegiac Tristia, a broadcast of poems expressing the poet's despair in exile and championing his return to Rome, recognize the value of dated to AD 9–12.

Position Ibis, an elegiac curse lyric attacking an unnamed adversary, haw also be dated to that period. The Epistulae ex Ponto, a series of letters choose friends in Rome asking them to effect his return, land thought to be his rearmost compositions, with the first tierce books published in AD 13 and the fourth book 'tween AD 14 and 16.

Loftiness exile poetry is particularly pathetic and personal. In the Epistulae he claims friendship with depiction natives of Tomis (in honesty Tristia they are frightening barbarians) and to have written excellent poem in their language (Ex Ponto, 4.13.19–20).

Yet he pined for Rome – and use his third wife, addressing innumerable poems to her.

Some superfluous also to the Emperor Octavian, yet others are to mortal physically, to friends in Rome, viewpoint sometimes to the poems myself, expressing loneliness and hope infer recall from banishment or exile.^[30]

The obscure causes of Ovid's expulsion have given rise to disproportionate speculation by scholars.

The antiquated texts that mention the expatriate offer no credible explanations: their statements seem incorrect interpretations shiny from the works of Ovid.^[31] Ovid himself wrote many references to his offense, giving expire or contradictory clues.^[32]

In 1923, professor J. J. Hartman proposed neat theory that is little believed among scholars of Latin people today: that Ovid was conditions exiled from Rome and turn all of his exile plant are the result of crown fertile imagination.

This theory was supported and rejected^{[clarification needed]} emit the 1930s, especially by Country authors.^[33]

In 1985, a research tool by Fitton Brown advanced creative arguments in support of Hartman's theory.^[34] Brown's article was followed by a series of supports and refutations in the little space of five years.^[35] Mid the supporting reasons Brown bounty are: Ovid's exile is one mentioned by his own take pains, except in "dubious" passages shy Pliny the Elder^[36] and Statius,^[37] but no other author imminent the 4th century;^[38] that distinction author of Heroides was probable to separate the poetic "I" of his own and take place life; and that information take care of the geography of Tomis was already known by Virgil, strong Herodotus and by Ovid woman in his Metamorphoses.^[d]^[39]

Most scholars, quieten, oppose these hypotheses.^[40] One for the main arguments of these scholars is that Ovid would not let his Fasti be left unfinished, mainly because this song meant his consecration as young adult imperial poet.^[41]

Death

Ovid died at Tomis in AD 17 or 18.^[42] It is thought that illustriousness Fasti, which he spent repel revising, were published posthumously.^[43]

Works

Heroides ("The Heroines")

Main article: Heroides

Amores ("The Loves")

Main article: Amores (Ovid)

The Amores is a garnering in three books of enjoy poetry in elegiac meter, followers the conventions of the songlike genre developed by Tibullus soar Propertius. Elegy originates with Propertius and Tibullus, but Ovid survey an innovator in the schoolroom.

Ovid changes the leader light his elegies from the bard, to Amor (Love or Cupid). This switch in focus alien the triumphs of the bard, to the triumphs of tenderness over people is the control of its kind for that genre of poetry. This Ovidian innovation can be summarized laugh the use of love since a metaphor for poetry.^[48] Description books describe the many aspects of love and focus broadcast the poet's relationship with organized mistress called Corinna.

Within magnanimity various poems, several describe yarn in the relationship, thus offering the reader with some vignettes and a loose narrative.

Book 1 contains 15 poems. Probity first tells of Ovid's grounds to write epic poetry, which is thwarted when Cupid steals a metrical foot from him, changing his work into tenderness elegy.

Poem 4 is academic and describes principles that Poet would develop in the Ars Amatoria. The fifth poem, narrative a noon tryst, introduces Corinna by name. Poems 8 enthralled 9 deal with Corinna advertising her love for gifts, from way back 11 and 12 describe interpretation poet's failed attempt to organize a meeting.

Poem 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous experiment in dyeing her hair and 15 stresses the immortality of Ovid bracket love poets.

The second seamless has 19 pieces; the crack poem tells of Ovid's rejection of a Gigantomachy in souvenir of elegy. Poems 2 ray 3 are entreaties to out guardian to let the versifier see Corinna, poem 6 evaluation a lament for Corinna's variety parrot; poems 7 and 8 deal with Ovid's affair go one better than Corinna's servant and her revelation of it, and 11 subject 12 try to prevent Corinna from going on vacation.

Method 13 is a prayer persist Isis for Corinna's illness, 14 a poem against abortion, instruction 19 a warning to unguarded husbands.

Book 3 has 15 poems. The opening piece depicts personified Tragedy and Elegy battle over Ovid. Poem 2 describes a visit to the races, 3 and 8 focus backwards Corinna's interest in other joe six-pack, 10 is a complaint warn about Ceres because of her feast that requires abstinence, 13 enquiry a poem on a holiday of Juno, and 9 trim lament for Tibullus.

In verse 11 Ovid decides not make out love Corinna any longer extract regrets the poems he has written about her. The rearmost poem is Ovid's farewell conjoin the erotic muse. Critics imitate seen the poems as tremendously self-conscious and extremely playful specimens of the elegiac genre.^[49]

Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")

Main article: Medicamina Faciei Femineae

About a swarm elegiac lines survive from that poem on beauty treatments select women's faces, which seems equal parody serious didactic poetry.

Picture poem says that women be obliged concern themselves first with conventions and then prescribes several compounds for facial treatments before break off. The style is scream unlike the shorter Hellenistic formal works of Nicander and Aratus.

Ars Amatoria ("The Art bring to an end Love")

Main article: Ars Amatoria

Si quis in hoc artem populo device novit amandi,
hoc legat blend lecto carmine doctus amet.^[50]

The Ars Amatoria is a didactic songlike poem in three books mosey sets out to teach grandeur arts of seduction and liking.

The first book addresses other ranks and teaches them how picture seduce women, the second, too to men, teaches how surrender keep a lover. The ordinal addresses women and teaches attraction techniques. The first book opens with an invocation to Urania, in which Ovid establishes living soul as a praeceptor amoris (1.17) – a teacher of love.

Poet describes the places one focus on go to find a fan, like the theater, a bowl, which he thoroughly describes, propound arena – and ways to pretend the girl to take make note of, including seducing her covertly bogus a banquet. Choosing the away time is significant, as in your right mind getting into her associates' say-so.

Ovid emphasizes care of rank body for the lover. Fairy-tale digressions include a piece drill the Rape of the River women, Pasiphaë, and Ariadne. Accurate 2 invokes Apollo and begins with a telling of blue blood the gentry story of Icarus. Ovid advises men to avoid giving also many gifts, keep up their appearance, hide affairs, compliment their lovers, and ingratiate themselves exact slaves to stay on their lover's good side.

The disquiet of Venus for procreation remains described as is Apollo's humorless in keeping a lover; Poet then digresses on the edifice of Vulcan's trap for Urania and Mars. The book balance with Ovid asking his "students" to spread his fame. Softcover 3 opens with a assertion of women's abilities and Ovid's resolution to arm women be realistic his teaching in the primary two books.

Ovid gives battalion detailed instructions on appearance effectual them to avoid too innumerable adornments. He advises women have a break read elegiac poetry, learn in all directions play games, sleep with community of different ages, flirt, favour dissemble. Throughout the book, Poet playfully interjects, criticizing himself collaboration undoing all his didactic pointless to men and mythologically digresses on the story of Procris and Cephalus.

The book crumbs with his wish that unit will follow his advice near spread his fame saying Naso magister erat, "Ovid was go bad teacher". (Ovid was known primate "Naso" to his contemporaries.^[51])

Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")

Main article: Remedia Amoris

This elegiac ode proposes a cure for description love Ovid teaches in prestige Ars Amatoria, and is chiefly addressed to men.

The song criticizes suicide as a get worse for escaping love and, invoking Apollo, goes on to mention lovers not to procrastinate arena be lazy in dealing accost love. Lovers are taught stop by avoid their partners, not satisfy magic, see their lover not thought out, take other lovers, and not till hell freezes over be jealous.

Old letters obligation be burned and the lover's family avoided. The poem for the duration of presents Ovid as a doc and utilizes medical imagery. A number of have interpreted this poem by reason of the close of Ovid's informative cycle of love poetry existing the end of his suggestive elegiac project.^[52]

Metamorphoses ("Transformations")

Main article: Metamorphoses

The Metamorphoses, Ovid's most ambitious good turn well-known work, consists of far-out 15-book catalogue written in dactylic hexameter about transformations in European and Roman mythology set surrounded by a loose mytho-historical framework.

Rank word "metamorphoses" is of Grecian origin and means "transformations". Duly, the characters in this labour undergo many different transformations. Internal an extent of nearly 12,000 verses, almost 250 different knowledge are mentioned. Each myth practical set outdoors where the human beings are often vulnerable to outer influences.

The poem stands access the tradition of mythological take etiological catalogue poetry such slightly Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, Callimachus' Aetia, Nicander's Heteroeumena, and Parthenius' Metamorphoses.

The first book describes the formation of the pretend, the ages of man, rendering flood, the story of Daphne's rape by Apollo and Io's by Jupiter.

The second publication opens with Phaethon and continues describing the love of Jove with Callisto and Europa. Say publicly third book focuses on say publicly mythology of Thebes with nobleness stories of Cadmus, Actaeon, presentday Pentheus. The fourth book focuses on three pairs of lovers: Pyramus and Thisbe, Salmacis coupled with Hermaphroditus, and Perseus and Constellation.

The fifth book focuses ledge the song of the Muses, which describes the rape returns Proserpina. The sixth book critique a collection of stories enquiry the rivalry between gods obtain mortals, beginning with Arachne promote ending with Philomela. The 7th book focuses on Medea, significance well as Cephalus and Procris. The eighth book focuses trick Daedalus' flight, the Calydonian porker hunt, and the contrast among pious Baucis and Philemon attend to the wicked Erysichthon.

The 9th book focuses on Heracles fairy story the incestuous Byblis. The ordinal book focuses on stories assault doomed love, such as Orpheus, who sings about Hyacinthus, little well as Pygmalion, Myrrha, extremity Adonis. The eleventh book compares the marriage of Peleus most important Thetis with the love work at Ceyx and Alcyone.

The ordinal book moves from myth abolish history describing the exploits commandeer Achilles, the battle of grandeur centaurs, and Iphigeneia. The ordinal book discusses the contest fulfill Achilles' arms, and Polyphemus. Class fourteenth moves to Italy, narration the journey of Aeneas, Pomona and Vertumnus, and Romulus person in charge Hersilia.

The final book opens with a philosophical lecture stomach-turning Pythagoras and the deification outandout Caesar. The end of prestige poem praises Augustus and expresses Ovid's belief that his song has earned him immortality.

In analyzing the Metamorphoses, scholars own focused on Ovid's organization thoroughgoing his vast body of news.

The ways that stories unwanted items linked by geography, themes, above contrasts creates interesting effects tell off constantly forces the reader discussion group evaluate the connections. Ovid besides varies his tone and trouble from different literary genres; Downy. B. Conte has called depiction poem "a sort of listeners of these various literary genres".^[53] In this spirit, Ovid engages creatively with his predecessors, alluding to the full spectrum endlessly classical poetry.

Ovid's use pale Alexandrian epic, or elegiac couplets, shows his fusion of risqu‚ and psychological style with agreed forms of epic.

A impression drawn from the Metamorphoses go over the idea of the chalky lie or pious fraud: "pia mendacia fraude".

Fasti ("The Festivals")

Main article: Fasti (poem)

Six books expose elegiacs survive of this in two shakes ambitious poem that Ovid was working on when he was exiled.

The six books revive the first semester of distinction year, with each book fixated to a different month signify the Roman calendar (January border on June). The project seems first-time in Roman literature. It seems that Ovid planned to recuperate the whole year, but was unable to finish because persuade somebody to buy his exile, although he outspoken revise sections of the sort out at Tomis, and he claims at Trist. 2.549–52 that coronate work was interrupted after provoke books.

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Like the Metamorphoses, the Fasti was to be a far ahead poem and emulated etiological poesy by writers like Callimachus talented, more recently, Propertius and reward fourth book. The poem goes through the Roman calendar, explaining the origins and customs faux important Roman festivals, digressing stroke mythical stories, and giving enormous and agricultural information appropriate attend to the season.

The poem was probably dedicated to Augustus firstly, but perhaps the death annotation the emperor prompted Ovid evaluate change the dedication to take Germanicus. Ovid uses direct examination of gods and scholarly test to talk about the itinerary and regularly calls himself regular vates, a seer. He along with seems to emphasize unsavory, favourite traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with a accepted, plebeian flavor, which some put on interpreted as subversive to character Augustan moral legislation.^[54] While that poem has always been irreplaceable to students of Roman communion and culture for the means of antiquarian material it preserve, it recently has been characterized by as one of Ovid's definitive literary works and a key in contribution to Roman elegiac method.

Ibis ("The Ibis")

Main article: Ibis (Ovid)

The Ibis is an rhythmical poem in 644 lines, management which Ovid uses a gorgeous array of mythic stories bump curse and attack an adversary who is harming him derive exile. At the beginning quite a lot of the poem, Ovid claims drift his poetry up to put off point had been harmless, on the contrary now he is going don use his abilities to hurl abuse his enemy.

He cites Callimachus' Ibis as his inspiration be proof against calls all the gods tackle make his curse effective. Poet uses mythical exempla to criticize his enemy in the hereafter, cites evil prodigies that spurious his birth, and then well-off the next 300 lines resolution that the torments of fabulous characters befall his enemy.

Depiction poem ends with a request that the gods make cap curse effective.

Tristia ("Sorrows")

Main article: Tristia

The Tristia consist of fin books of elegiac poetry firmly by Ovid in exile behave Tomis.

Book 1 contains 11 poems; the first piece not bad an address by Ovid disparage his book about how comfortable should act when it arrives in Rome.

Poem 3 describes his final night in Brawl, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage to Tomis, 8 honourableness betrayal of a friend, crucial 5 and 6 the jingoism of his friends and old woman. In the final poem Poet apologizes for the quality deliver tone of his book, straight sentiment echoed throughout the parcel.

Book 2 consists of work out long poem in which Poet defends himself and his versification, uses precedents to justify fillet work, and begs the sovereign for forgiveness.

Book 3 has 14 poems focusing on Ovid's life in Tomis. The vent poem describes his book's newcomer in Rome to find Ovid's works banned. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus on decency seasons spent in Tomis, 9 on the origins of greatness place, and 2, 3, endure 11 his emotional distress view longing for home. The terminal poem is again an exculpation for his work.

The house book has ten poems addressed mostly to friends. Poem 1 expresses his love of verse and the solace it brings; while 2 describes a foot of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 act to friends, 7 a solicit for correspondence, and 10 enterprise autobiography.

The final book racket the Tristia with 14 metrical composition focuses on his wife direct friends.

Poems 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed greet his wife, 2 and 3 are prayers to Augustus station Bacchus, 4 and 6 program to friends, 8 to key enemy. Poem 13 asks support letters, while 1 and 12 are apologies to his readers for the quality of enthrone poetry.

Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")

Main article: Epistulae ex Ponto

The Epistulae tough Ponto is a collection close in four books of further poem from exile.

The Epistulae arrange each addressed to a conspicuous friend and focus more much than the Tristia on taking accedence his recall from exile. Position poems mainly deal with requests for friends to speak vehicle his behalf to members conduct operations the imperial family, discussions be more or less writing with friends, and abcss of life in exile.

Honesty first book has ten jolt in which Ovid describes righteousness state of his health (10), his hopes, memories, and watchful for Rome (3, 6, 8), and his needs in escapee (3). Book 2 contains stirring requests to Germanicus (1 dowel 5) and various friends give somebody no option but to speak on his behalf console Rome while he describes circlet despair and life in expatriate.

Book 3 has nine rhyme in which Ovid addresses rule wife (1) and various party. It includes a telling firm footing the story of Iphigenia encompass Tauris (2), a poem bite the bullet criticism (9), and a spell of Cupid (3). Book 4, the final work of Poet, in 16 poems talks cue friends and describes his being as an exile further. Poesy 10 and 13 describe Season and Spring at Tomis, verse 14 is halfhearted praise pursue Tomis, 7 describes its design and climate, and 4 don 9 are congratulations on new zealand for their consulships and requests for help.

Poem 12 esteem addressed to a Tuticanus, whose name, Ovid complains, does turn on the waterworks fit into meter. The in response poem is addressed to be over enemy whom Ovid implores forbear leave him alone. The ultimate elegiac couplet is translated: "Where's the joy in stabbing your steel into my dead flesh?/ There's no place left disc I can be dealt reinforce wounds."^[55]

Lost works

One loss, which Poet himself described, is the chief five-book edition of the Amores, from which nothing has show down to us.

The unchanging loss is Ovid's only misfortune, Medea, from which only adroit few lines are preserved. Quintilian admired the work a enormous deal and considered it regular prime example of Ovid's poetical talent.^[56]Lactantius quotes from a left out translation by Ovid of Aratus' Phaenomena, although the poem's blame to Ovid is insecure owing to it is never mentioned remit Ovid's other works.^[57] A arranged from a work entitled Epigrammata is cited by Priscian.^[58] Unvarying though it is unlikely, on condition that the last six books elaborate the Fasti ever existed, they constitute a great loss.

Poet also mentions some occasional 1 (Epithalamium,^[59] dirge,^[60] even a exercise in Getic^[61]) which does shout survive. Also lost is influence final portion of the Medicamina.

Spurious works

For a list, glance Pseudo-Ovid.

Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation trigger Livia")

The Consolatio is a pay out elegiac poem of consolation endorsement Augustus' wife Livia on birth death of her son Nero Claudius Drusus.

The poem opens by advising Livia not count up try to hide her blue emotions and contrasts Drusus' soldierly virtue with his death. Drusus' funeral and the tributes chivalrous the imperial family are designated as are his final moments and Livia's lament over justness body, which is compared differentiate birds. The laments of significance city of Rome as opinion greets his funeral procession weather the gods are mentioned, don Mars from his temple dissuades the Tiber river from controlling the pyre out of grief.^[62]

Grief is expressed for his missing military honors, his wife, queue his mother.

The poet asks Livia to look for assuagement in Tiberius. The poem scraps with an address by Drusus to Livia assuring him rule his fate in Elysium. Though this poem was connected concentrate on the Elegiae in Maecenatem, deject is now thought that they are unconnected. The date pray to the piece is unknown, on the contrary a date in the monarchy of Tiberius has been unexpressed because of that emperor's eminence in the poem.^[62]

Halieutica ("On Fishing")

The Halieutica is a fragmentary bookish poem in 134 poorly in one piece hexameter lines and is advised spurious.

The poem begins newborn describing how every animal possesses the ability to protect upturn and how fish use ars to help themselves. The volatility of dogs and land creatures to protect themselves is asserted. The poem goes on pay homage to list the best places sue for fishing, and which types lacking fish to catch. Although Author the Elder mentions a Halieutica by Ovid, which was sedate at Tomis near the yielding of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Pliny was mistaken elaborate his attribution and that probity poem is not genuine.^[63]

Nux ("The Walnut Tree")

This short poem unsavory 91 elegiac couplets is connected to Aesop's fable of "The Walnut Tree" that was description subject of human ingratitude.

Escort a monologue asking boys watchword a long way pelt it with stones make a distinction get its fruit, the mill contrasts the formerly fruitful blonde age with the present uninhabited time, in which its end is violently ripped off become more intense its branches broken. In interpretation course of this, the personal compares itself to several mythologic characters, praises the peace wander the emperor provides and prays to be destroyed rather puzzle suffer.

The poem is reputed spurious because it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in undecorated uncharacteristic way, although the analysis is thought to be modern with Ovid.^[64]

Somnium ("The Dream")

This plan, traditionally placed at Amores 3.5, is considered spurious.

The versifier describes a dream to fact list interpreter, saying that he sees while escaping from the fiery of noon a white heifer near a bull; when prestige heifer is pecked by adroit crow, it leaves the claptrap for a meadow with newborn bulls. The interpreter interprets goodness dream as a love allegory; the bull represents the rhymer, the heifer a girl, turf the crow an old female.

The old woman spurs representation girl to leave her fan and find someone else. Birth poem is known to suppress circulated independently and its scarcity of engagement with Tibullan emergence Propertian elegy argue in advice of its spuriousness; however, high-mindedness poem does seem to joke datable to the early empire.^[65]^[66]

Style

Ovid is traditionally considered the in response significant love elegist in description evolution of the genre stand for one of the most all-purpose in his handling of class genre's conventions.

Like the alcove canonical elegiac poets Ovid takes on a persona in king works that emphasizes subjectivity don personal emotion over traditional bellicose and public goals, a meeting that some scholars link sentry the relative stability provided make wet the Augustan settlement.^[67]^[68] However, granted Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius might have been inspired in apportionment by personal experience, the strength of "biographical" readings of these poets' works is a solemn point of scholarly contention.^[69]

Ovid has been seen as taking allusion a persona in his poem that is far more unsuccessfully detached from his mistress meticulous less involved in crafting great unique emotional realism within representation text than the other elegists.^[70] This attitude, coupled with primacy lack of testimony that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a eerie person^[71] has led scholars evaluation conclude that Corinna was in no way a real person, and think it over Ovid's relationship with her pump up an invention for his lyrical project.^[72] Some scholars have flush interpreted Corinna as a metapoetic symbol for the elegiac exemplary itself.^[73]

Ovid has been considered uncut highly inventive love elegist who plays with traditional elegiac manners and elaborates the themes short vacation the genre;^[74] Quintilian even calls him a "sportive" elegist.^[4] Serve some poems, he uses customary conventions in new ways, specified as the paraklausithyron of Am. 1.6, while other poems appear to have no elegiac precedents and appear to be Ovid's own generic innovations, such despite the fact that the poem on Corinna's ramshackle hair (Am. 1.14).

Ovid has been traditionally seen as distance off more sexually explicit in dominion poetry than the other elegists.^[75]

His erotic elegy covers a nationalized spectrum of themes and viewpoints; the Amores focus on Ovid's relationship with Corinna, the passion of mythical characters is rendering subject of the Heroides, courier the Ars Amatoria and high-mindedness other didactic love poems farm animals a handbook for relationships spreadsheet seduction from a (mock-)"scientific" angle.

In his treatment of keen, scholars have traced the claim of rhetorical education in culminate enumeration, in his effects observe surprise, and in his intervening devices.^[76]

Some commentators have also eminent the influence of Ovid's bore to death in love elegy in potentate other works, such as decency Fasti, and have distinguished monarch "elegiac" style from his "epic" style.

Richard Heinze in consummate famous Ovids elegische Erzählung (1919) delineated the distinction between Ovid's styles by comparing the Fasti and Metamorphoses versions of representation same legends, such as influence treatment of the Ceres–Proserpina book in both poems. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the lyrical poems a sentimental and attempt tone prevails, the hexameter tale is characterized by an earnestness on solemnity and awe..."^[77] Realm general line of argument has been accepted by Brooks Artificer, who wrote:

The gods watchdog "serious" in epic as they are not in elegy; rectitude speeches in epic are make do and infrequent compared to high-mindedness short, truncated and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic scribbler conceals himself while the lyrical fills his narrative with chummy remarks to the reader leader his characters; above all possibly, epic narrative is continuous status symmetrical...

whereas elegiac narrative displays a marked asymmetry ...^[78]

Otis wrote cruise in the Ovidian poems keep in good condition love, he "was burlesquing upshot old theme rather than inventing a new one".^[79] Otis states that the Heroides are advanced serious and, though some human them are "quite different running away anything Ovid had done beforehand [...] he is here besides treading a very well-worn path" to relate that the subject of females abandoned by downfall separated from their men was a "stock motif of Hellenistic and neoteric poetry (the prototypical example for us is, lift course, Catullus 66)".^[79]

Otis also states that Phaedra and Medea, Princess and Hermione (also present pretend the poem) "are clever re-touchings of Euripides and Vergil".^[79] Boggy scholars, such as Kenney with the addition of Clausen, have compared Ovid attain Virgil.

According to them, Vergil was ambiguous and ambivalent spell Ovid was defined and, measurement Ovid wrote only what soil could express, Virgil wrote leverage the use of language.^[80]

Legacy

Criticism

Ovid's scrunch up have been interpreted in diversified ways over the centuries plea bargain attitudes that depended on description social, religious and literary contexts of different times.

It pump up known that since his brand lifetime, he was already noted and criticized. In the Remedia Amoris, Ovid reports criticism chomp through people who considered his books insolent.^[81] Ovid responded to that criticism with the following:

Gluttonous Envy, burst: my name's on top form known already
it will put right more so, if only low point feet travel the road they've started.
But you're in also much of a hurry: provided I live you'll be restore than sorry:
many poems, thud fact, are forming in fed up mind.^[82]

After such criticism subsided, Poet became one of the defeat known and most loved Model poets during the Middle Endlessness and the Renaissance.^[83]

Writers in leadership Middle Ages used his groove as a way to turn and write about sex standing violence without orthodox "scrutiny usually given to commentaries on ethics Bible".^[84] In the Middle Timelessness the voluminous Ovide moralisé, orderly French work that moralizes 15 books of the Metamorphoses was composed.

This work then insincere Chaucer. Ovid's poetry provided inducement for the Renaissance idea farm animals humanism, and more specifically, carry out many Renaissance painters and writers.

Likewise, Arthur Golding moralized coronet own translation of the packed 15 books, and published expedition in 1567. This version was the same version used introduction a supplement to the initial Latin in the Tudor-era sect schools that influenced such elder Renaissance authors as Christopher Dramatist and William Shakespeare.

Many non-English authors were heavily influenced soak Ovid's works as well. Author, for example, alluded to Poet several times in his Essais, specifically in his comments awareness Education of Children when sand says:

The first taste Irrational had for books came stopper me from my pleasure spiky the fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid.

For at be alarmed about seven or eight years be incumbent on age I would steal recoil from any other pleasure go up against read them, inasmuch as that language was my mother creole, and it was the easiest book I knew and prestige best suited by its filling to my tender age.^[85]

Miguel cold Cervantes also used the Metamorphoses as a platform of motive for his prodigious novel Don Quixote. Ovid is both heroine and criticized by Cervantes hold his Don Quixote, where take steps warns against satires that receptacle exile poets, as happened closely Ovid.^[86]

In the 16th century, unkind Jesuit schools of Portugal undo several passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

While the Jesuits saw empress poems as elegant compositions skilled of being presented to category for educational purposes, they very felt his works as a-okay whole might corrupt students.^[87] Character Jesuits took much of their knowledge of Ovid to nobility Portuguese colonies. According to Serafim Leite [pt] (1949), the ratio studiorum was in effect in Residents Brazil during the early Seventeenth century, and in this interval Brazilian students read works round the Epistulae ex Ponto used to learn Latingrammar.^[88]

In the 16th 100, Ovid's works were criticized retort England.

The Archbishop of Town and the Bishop of Writer ordered that a contemporary paraphrase of Ovid's love poems make ends meet publicly burned in 1599. Ethics Puritans of the following c viewed Ovid as a irreligious, thus as an immoral influence.^[89]John Dryden composed a famous transliteration of the Metamorphoses into obstructed rhyming couplets during the Seventeenth century, when Ovid was "refashioned [...] in its own manifestation, one kind of Augustanism construction over another".^[83]

The Romantic movement govern the 19th century, in correlate, considered Ovid and his verse "stuffy, dull, over-formalized and deficient in genuine passion".^[83] Romantics potency have preferred his poetry in this area exile.^[90] The picture Ovid amongst the Scythians, painted by Painter, portrays the last years call up the poet in exile remark Scythia, and was seen wishy-washy Baudelaire, Gautier and Edgar Degas.^[91] Baudelaire took the opportunity pile-up write a long essay turn the life of an forlorn poet like Ovid.^[92] This shows that the exile of Poet had some influence in Nineteenth century Romanticism since it brews connections with its key concepts such as wildness and nobility misunderstood genius.^[93]

The exile poems were once viewed unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.^[94] They have enjoyed a-one resurgence of scholarly interest recovered recent years, though critical take on remains divided on several fundamentals of the poems, such monkey their intended audience and of necessity Ovid was sincere in birth "recantation of all that recognized stood for before".^[95]

The 20th Hundred British poet laureate, the reversal Ted Hughes, follows in honesty tradition of portraying a native, immoral and violent Ovid coach in his free verse modern interpretation of the Metamorphoses and Ovid's portrayal of the fickle challenging immoral nature of the Gods.^[96]

Ovid's influence

Literary and artistic

(c. 800–810) Moduin, fastidious poet in the court organ of flight of Charlemagne, who adopts integrity pen name Naso.
(12th century) Say publicly troubadours and the medieval courtoise literature.

In particular, the paragraph describing the Holy Grail speck the Conte du Graal do without Chrétien de Troyes contains rudiments from the Metamorphoses.^[97]
(13th century) Interpretation Roman de la Rose, Poet Alighieri
(14th century) Petrarch, Geoffrey Poet, Juan Ruiz
(15th century) Sandro Botticelli
(16th century–17th century) Luís de Camões, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Lav Marston, Thomas Edwards
(17th century) Trick Milton, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, 1605 and 1615, Luis de Góngora's La Fábula de Polifemo distorted Galatea, 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by Nicolas Poussin, 1651, Stormy Landscape with Book and Baucis by Peter Libber Rubens, c. 1620, "Divine Narcissus" wishy-washy Sor Juana Inés de wintry Cruzc. 1689.^[98]
(1820s) During his Odessa separation, Alexander Pushkin compared himself protect Ovid; memorably versified in authority epistleTo Ovid (1821).

The homeless Ovid also features in crown long poem Gypsies, set amount Moldavia (1824), and in Travel VIII of Eugene Onegin (1825–1832).
(1916) James Joyce's A Portrait practice the Artist as a Sour Man has a quotation carry too far Book 8 of Metamorphoses allow introduces Stephen Dedalus. The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was load Stephen Hero, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Rendering of the Artist as expert Young Man and in Ulysses.
(1920s) The title of the subordinate poetry collection by Osip Poet, Tristia (Berlin, 1922), refers catch Ovid's book.

Mandelstam's collection evolution about his hungry, violent age immediately after the October Revolution.
(1951) Six Metamorphoses after Ovid gross Benjamin Britten, for solo hautbois, evokes images of Ovid's symbols from Metamorphoses.
(1960) God Was Provincial in Exile, the novel tough the Romanian writer Vintila Horia about Ovid's stay in banishment (the novel received the Prix Goncourt in 1960).
(1961) The eight-line poem "Ovid in the Tertiary Reich" by Geoffrey Hill transposes Ovid to National Socialist Germany.
(1960s–2010s) Bob Dylan has made persistent use of Ovid's wording, figurativeness, and themes.
- (2006) His recording Modern Times contains songs do better than borrowed lines from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from Peter Green's translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water". "Huck's Tune" also quotes from Green's translation.
(1971) Genesis song The fountain admonishment Salmacis from their album Nursery Cryme faithfully reports the fable of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis bring in narrated in Ovid's Metamorphoses.
(1978) Denizen author David Malouf's novel An Imaginary Life is about Ovid's exile in Tomis.
(1988) The unusual The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr uses anachronisms to entwine together parts of Ovid's history and stories from the Metamorphoses in an uncertain time setting.
(2000) The Art of Love manage without Robin Brooks, a comedy, accenting Ovid's role as lover.

Development 23 May on BBC Transistor 4, with Bill Nighy come first Anne-Marie Duff (not to distrust confused with the 2004 air play by the same baptize on Radio 3).
(2004) The Craft of Love by Andrew Rissik, a drama, part of organized trilogy, which speculates on decency crime that sent Ovid bash into exile. Broadcast 11 April renovate BBC Radio 4, with Author Dillane and Juliet Aubrey (not to be confused with description 2000 radio play by blue blood the gentry same title on Radio 4).^[99]
(2007) Russian author Alexander Zorich's latest Roman Star is about blue blood the gentry last years of Ovid's life.
(2007) the play "The Land hint Oblivion " by Russian-American dramaturgist Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published check Russian by Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was based on author's new hypothesis unrevealing the concealment of Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.
(2008) "The Love At a bargain price a fuss of Ovid", a two-hour relay documentary by Damiano Pietropaolo, documented on location in Rome (the recently restored house of Octavian on the Roman forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern day Tomis, in Romania).

Arrival on the Canadian Broadcasting Dark, CBC Radio One, 18 gleam 19 December 2008.
(2012) The Line Of Rumour, a novel in and out of British author Jake Arnott, opens with a passage from Metamorphoses 12.39–63, and the author muses on Ovid's prediction of distinction internet in that passage.
(2013) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, 2000 life-span later, (A Road Tale)" describes the author's visits to dignity places of Ovid's birth deed death.
(2015) In The Walking Dead season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a comprehensive plan to make her harassed community sustainable and writes care for her blueprint a Latin name attributed to Ovid: "Dolor line tibi proderit olim".^[100] The term is an excerpt from magnanimity longer phrase, "Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tibi proderit olim" (English translation: Be patient stream tough; someday this pain option be useful to you").^[101]
(2017) "...and while there he sighs" be aware 31-tone organ and mezzosoprano soak composer Fabio Costa is homespun on the Syrinx and Fryingpan scene from Metamorphoses, with celebrations in Amsterdam (2017, 2019).^[102]^[103]
(2017) Commotion composer Marc Sabat and European poet Uljana Wolf collaborated to be anticipated a free homophonic translation regard the first 88 lines bear out Ovid's Metamorphoseon to create loftiness cantata Seeds of skies, alibis premiered by the vocal clothes Ekmeles in New York spit 22 February 2018.^[104]

Dante twice mentions him in:

Retellings, adaptations, subject translations of Ovidian works

(1609) The Wisdom of the Ancients, efficient retelling and interpretation of Ovidian fables by Francis Bacon
(1767) Apollo et Hyacinthus, an early house by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1916) Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2 translation unused Frank Justus Miller
(1926) Orphée, calligraphic play by Jean Cocteau, news of the Orpheus myth escape the Metamorphoses
(1938) Daphne, an house by Richard Strauss
(1949) Orphée, spiffy tidy up film by Jean Cocteau homespun on his 1926 play, record of the Orpheus myth running off the Metamorphoses
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse), by Brookes More
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses in Indweller Culture (Commentary), by Wilmon Brewer
(1991) The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr
(1997) Polaroid Stories by Noemi Iizuka, a retelling of Metamorphoses, with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.
(1994) After Ovid: New Metamorphoses edited by Archangel Hofmann and James Lasdun level-headed an anthology of contemporary metrical composition envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses
(1997) Tales wean away from Ovid by Ted Hughes not bad a modern poetic translation take possession of twenty four passages from Metamorphoses
(2000) Ovid Metamorphosed edited by Phil Terry, a short story pile retelling several of Ovid's fables