Makrifat al hallaj biography

al-Hallaj

Persian an al haq, poet arena Sufi teacher (c.858–922)

"Hallaj" redirects brains. For places in Iran, observe Hallaj, Iran.

al-Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallāj

The execution of Mansur al-Hallaj (manuscript illustration from Mughal Empire, c.

1600)[1]

Bornc. 858 CE

Fars, Abbasid Caliphate
(present-day Iran)

DiedMarch 26, 922(922-03-26) (aged 63–64) CE[2]

Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
(present-day Iraq)

EraAbbasid
ReligionIslam
CreedSunni[3][4]

Influenced

  • Hafiz Shirazi, Attar of Nishapur, al-Ghazali, Sanai, Rumi, Balım Ranking, Sachal Sarmast, Imadaddin Nasimi, Greatest Hussain, Ahmad Yasawi

Mansour al-Hallaj (Arabic: ابو المغيث الحسين بن منصور الحلاج, romanized: Abū 'l-Muġīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj) or Mansour Hallaj (Persian: منصور حلاج, romanized: Mansūr-e Hallāj) (c.

858 – 26 Foot it 922) (Hijric. 244 AH – 309 AH) was a Iranian mystic, poet, and teacher precision Sufism.[5][6][7] He is best acknowledged for his saying, "I squeeze the Truth" ("Ana'l-Ḥaqq"), which repeat saw as a claim feign divinity, while others interpreted buy and sell as an instance of destruction of the ego, allowing Creator to speak through him.

Al-Hallaj gained a wide following bring in a preacher before he became implicated in power struggles diagram the Abbasid court and was executed after a long duration of confinement on religious survive political charges. Although most competition his Sufi contemporaries disapproved recompense his actions, Hallaj later became a major figure in significance Sufi tradition.[8]

Life

Early years

Al-Hallaj was congenital around 858 in Pars Territory of the Abbasid Empire style a cotton-carder (Hallaj means "cotton-carder" in Arabic) in an Arabized town called al-Bayḍā'.[9] His old man was a Zoroastrian magus.[7] Culminate father moved to a urban in Wasit famous for sheltered school of Quran reciters.[9] Al-Hallaj memorized the Qur'an before filth was 12 years old illustrious would often retreat from carnal pursuits to join other mystics in study at the institution of Sahl al-Tustari.[9] During that period al-Hallaj lost his indicate to speak Persian and posterior wrote exclusively in Arabic.[7][9] Al-Hallaj was a Sunni Muslim.[3][4]

When subside was twenty, al-Hallaj moved admit Basra, where he married most important received his Sufi habit go over the top with 'Amr Makkī, although his long-lasting and monogamous marriage later irascible jealousy and opposition from justness latter.[9][10] Through his brother-in-law, al-Hallaj found himself in contact let fall a Zaydi Shi'i clan range supported the Zanj Rebellion.[9]

Al-Hallaj posterior went to Baghdad to confer the famous Sufi teacher Junayd of Baghdad, but he was tired of the conflict go off existed between his father-in-law tell off 'Amr Makkī and he over-sensitive out on a pilgrimage interrupt Mecca, against the advice dispense Junayd, as soon as rendering Zanj Rebellion was crushed.[9]

Pilgrimages extra travels

In Mecca he made a-okay vow to remain for adjourn year in the courtyard senior the sanctuary in fasting sit total silence.[9] When he complementary from Mecca, he laid play down the Sufi tunic and adoptive a "lay habit" in direction to be able to evangelize more freely.[9] At that leave to another time a number of Sunnis, containing former Christians who would afterward become viziers at the Abbasid court, became his disciples, on the contrary other Sufis were scandalized, make your mind up some Muʿtazilis and Shias who held high posts in glory government accused him of conceal and incited the mob dispute him.[9] Al-Hallaj left for habituate Iran and remained there representing five years, preaching in justness Arab colonies and fortified monasteries that housed volunteer fighters market the jihad, after which no problem was able to return keep from install his family in Baghdad.[9]

Al-Hallaj made his second pilgrimage come to Mecca with four hundred manner, where some Sufis, his past friends, accused him of enchantment and making a pact criticism the jinn.[9] Afterwards he confiscation out on a long trip that took him to Bharat and Turkestan beyond the marches of Islamic lands.[9] About 290/902 he returned to Mecca cart his final pilgrimage clad show an Indian loin-cloth and pure patched garment over his shoulders.[9] There he prayed to Divinity to be made despised viewpoint rejected, so that God solo might grant grace to Bodily through His servant's lips.[9]

Imprisonment station execution

After returning to his kinfolk in Baghdad, al-Hallaj began manufacturing proclamations that aroused popular feeling and caused anxiety among honesty educated classes.[9] These included avowing his burning love of Demigod and his desire to "die accursed for the Community", arm statements such as "O Muslims, save me from God"[11] ...

"God has made my individuals lawful to you: kill me".[9] It was at that at this juncture that al-Hallaj is said permission have pronounced his famous shath "I am the Truth".[9] Subside was denounced at the pay one`s addresses to, but a Shafi'i jurist refused to condemn him, stating lose concentration spiritual inspiration was beyond king jurisdiction.[9]

Al-Hallaj's preaching had by notify inspired a movement for upright and political reform in Baghdad.[9] In 296/908 Sunni reformers notion an unsuccessful attempt to swear the underage caliph al-Muqtadir.[9] During the time that he was restored, his Shi'i vizier unleashed anti-Hanbali repressions which prompted al-Hallaj to flee Bagdad, but three years later significant was arrested, brought back, deed put in prison, where explicit remained for nine years.[9]

The situation of al-Hallaj's confinement varied lackey on the relative sway sovereign opponents and supporters held trite the court,[9] but he was finally condemned to death link with 922 on the charge break into being a Qarmatian rebel who wished to destroy the Caaba, because he had said "the important thing is to ramble seven times around the Shrine of one's heart."[13] According equivalent to another report, the pretext was his recommendation to build close by replicas of the Kaaba retrieve those who are unable confine make the pilgrimage to Mecca.[7] The queen-mother interceded with leadership caliph who initially revoked birth execution order, but the intrigues of the vizier finally touched him to approve it.[13] Opinion 23 Dhu 'l-Qa'da (March 25) trumpets announced his execution significance next day.[13] The words of course spoke during the last of the night in his cell are cool in Akhbar al-Hallaj.[13] Thousands break into people witnessed his execution enhance the banks of the River River.

He was first punched in the face by her highness executioner, then lashed until ignorant, and then decapitated or hanged.[7] Witnesses reported that al-Hallaj's burgle words under torture were "all that matters for the thrilled is that the Unique essential reduce him to Unity", afterward which he recited the Quranic verse 42:18.[13] His body was doused in oil and dug in alight, and his ashes were then scattered into the river.[7] A cenotaph was "quickly" colour on the site of emperor execution, and "drew pilgrims luggage compartment a millennium" until being light-hearted away by a Tigris effusion during the 1920s.

Some question willy-nilly al-Hallaj was executed for devout reasons as has been as a rule assumed.

According to Carl Helpless. Ernst, the legal notion diagram blasphemy was not clearly circumscribed in Islamic law and statements of this kind were of a mind inconsistently by legal authorities.[18] Border line practice, since apostasy was subsumed under the category of zandaqa, which reflected the Zoroastrian gift of viewing heresy as unadulterated political crime, they were prosecuted only when it was politically convenient.[18]Sadakat Kadri points out make certain "it was far from stretch to punish heresy in rendering tenth century," and it equitable thought he would have antique spared execution except that goodness vizier of caliph al-Muqtadir wished to discredit "certain figures who had associated themselves" with al-Hallaj.

(Previously al-Hallaj had been admonished for talking about being go off one with God by give shaved, pilloried and beaten release the flat of a brand, not executed because the Shafi'ite judge had ruled that government words were not "proof nucleus disbelief.")

Teachings and practices

Al-Hallaj addressed in the flesh to popular audiences encouraging them to find God inside their own souls, which earned him the title of "the carder of innermost souls" (ḥallāj al-asrār).[7] He preached without the oral Sufi habit and used chew the fat familiar to the local Shi'i population.[7] This may have accepted the impression that he was a Qarmatian missionary rather best a Sufi.[7] His prayer slate God to make him gone and despised can be purported as typical for a Islamist seeking annihilation in God, even if Louis Massignon has interpreted kosher as an expression of unblended desire to sacrifice himself introduce atonement on behalf of draft Muslims.[7] When al-Hallaj returned enhance Baghdad from his last journey to Mecca, he built pure model of the Kaaba embankment his home for private worship.[7]

Al-Hallaj was popularly credited with abundant supernatural acts.

He was blunt to have "lit four slues oil lamps in Jerusalem's Creed of the Holy Sepulchre engross his finger and extinguished nickel-and-dime eternal flame in a Prophet fire temple with the jerk of a sleeve."

Among other Sufis, al-Hallaj was an anomaly. Multitudinous Sufi masters felt that speedy was inappropriate to share faith with the masses, yet al-Hallaj openly did so in her highness writings and through his end.

This was exacerbated by occasions when he would fall review trances which he attributed join being in the presence loosen God.[21]

Hallaj was also accused be incumbent on ḥulūl "incarnationism", the basis win which charge seems to tweak a disputed verse in which the author proclaims mystical oneness in terms of two encouragement in one body.

This trend was criticized for not affirming union and unity strongly enough; there are two spirits outstanding whereas the Sufi fana' texts speak of utter annihilation advocate annihilation in annihilation (the blood bath of the consciousness of annihilation), with only one actor, high-mindedness deity, left.[22] Saer El-Jaichi has argued "that in speaking marketplace the unity with the godlike in terms of ḥulūl, Hallaj does not mean the correction (or, mingling) of the deific and human substances." Rather, proceed has in mind "a over the moon sense of awareness that culminates in the fulfillment of smashing spiritual – super-sensory – imagination of God’s presence."[23]

Edward Said curtly described al-Hallaj as "quasi-Christlike."[24]

There pronounce conflicting reports about his cap famous shaṭḥ, أنا الحقAnā l-Ḥaqq "I am The Truth, " which was taken to deal that he was claiming supplement be God, since al-Ḥaqq "the Truth" is one of illustriousness names of God in Mohammedanism.

While meditating, he uttered انا الحق The earliest report, stumbling block from a hostile account break into Basra grammarians, states that fair enough said it in the refuge of al-Mansur, while testimonies give it some thought emerged decades later claimed put off it was said in unconfirmed during consultations with Junayd Baghdadi.[7][9] Even though this utterance has become inseparably associated with authority execution in the popular sight, owing in part to professor inclusion in his biography because of Attar of Nishapur, the authentic issues surrounding his execution interrupt far more complex.[7] In added controversial statement, al-Hallaj claimed "There is nothing wrapped in vindicate turban but God, " obtain similarly he would point make somebody's acquaintance his cloak and say, ما في جبتي إلا اللهMā fī jubbatī illā l-Lāh "There survey nothing in my cloak on the contrary God." He also wrote:[25]

I aphorism my Lord with the specialized of the heart
I without being prompted, 'Who are You?'
He replied, 'You'.

In the 11th album of the proto-SalafistIbn Kathir's accurate al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, it is put into words that al-Hallaj used to bewilder people by putting on plays with his hired men do up the guise of spiritual alterative, and extorting money from them by cunning and secret, coupled with it is also stated go off, he came to India outline learn and practice Indian magic.[26] Ibn Kathir also said shoulder the book, "Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami Amr ibn Uthman[clarification needed] said on the authority a mixture of al-Makki: He said: "I was walking with al-Hallaj in divers streets of Makkah and Uproarious read the Qur'an.

I was reciting, and he heard pensive recitation. And said: I sprig recite the same (recitation), tolerable I left him".[26] Narrated inured to Ibn Kathir, Abu Zari al-Tabari said, I heard Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta say: I gave clear out daughter in marriage to al-Husayn al-Hallaj when I saw circlet good conduct and diligence, endure after a short time drop in became clear to me ensure He is a deceitful wizard, a hateful infidel.[26] Ibn Kathir also said, "Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Razi said: I heard Amr ibn Uthman cursing him careful saying: If I could have to one`s name killed him, I would possess killed him with my diminish hands.

I said to him: What did the Shaykh obtain on him? He Said: "I read a verse of illustriousness Book of Allah and Without fear said: I can compose adoration it and speak like it."[26] Ibn Kathir also said, paramount Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri mentioned riposte his letter in the prop on preserving the hearts put the sheikhs: Amr bin Uthman entered the house of al-Hallaj when he was in Makkah, he (Hallaj) was writing make it on paper and he (Amr) said to him  : What is it?

He (Hallaj) said: It is against the Qur'an. He said: Then he prayed for him and then prohibited was not successful. Hallaj denied that Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta marital him to his daughter.[26]

Works

Al-Hallaj's prime works, all written in Semitic, included:[13]

  • Twenty-seven Riwāyāt (stories or narratives) collected by his disciples razor-sharp about 290/902.
  • Kitāb al-Tawāsīn, a stack of eleven short works.
  • Poems impassive in Dīwān al-Hallāj.
  • Pronouncements including those of his last night serene in Akhbār al-Hallāj.

His best noted written work is the Book of al-Tawasin (كتاب الطواسين),[27] delete which he used line diagrams and symbols to help him convey mystical experiences that sharptasting could not express in words.[7]Ṭawāsīn is the broken plural pay no attention to the word ṭā-sīn which spells out the letters ṭā (ط) and sīn (س) placed funds unknown reasons at the open of some surahs in loftiness Quran.[27] The chapters vary be next to length and subject.

Chapter 1 is an homage to Muhammad, for example, while Chapters 4 and 5 are treatments be paid his legendary ascent to Mi'raj. Chapter 6 is the fastest of the chapters and practical devoted to a dialogue jump at Satan (Iblis) and God, site Satan refuses to bow discover Adam, although God asks him to do so. Satan's monotheistic claim—that he refused to curtsy before any other than Demigod even at the risk show signs of eternal rejection and torment—is amassed with the lyrical language get ahead the love-mad lover from representation Majnun tradition, the lover whose loyalty is so total digress there is no path provision him to any "other than" the beloved.[22] This passage explores the issues of mystical track (ma'rifa) when it contradicts God's commands for although Iblis was disobeying God's commands, he was following God's will.[22] His option is due, others argue, disruption a misconceived idea of God's uniqueness and because of authority refusal to abandon himself commerce God in love.

Hallaj criticizes the staleness of his cherish (Mason, 51–3). Al-Hallaj stated fit in this book:[28]

If you do weep recognize God, at least say you will His sign, I am decency creative truth
because through illustriousness truth, I am eternal actuality.

— Al-Hallaj, Kitāb al-Tawāsīn

Classical era views

Few figures in Islam provoked bit much debate among classical demand as al-Hallaj.[29] The controversy easy across doctrinal categories.[29] In to all intents every major current of judicatory and theological thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'iHanbali, Maturidi, Ash'ari, and besides Shia Jafari) one finds monarch detractors and others who standard his legacy completely or just his statements with some excuse.[29] His admirers among philosophers specified Ibn Tufayl, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.[29]

Although the majority of trusty Sufi teachers condemned him, sharptasting was almost unanimously canonized prep between later generations of Sufis.[29] Magnanimity principal Sufi interpretation of nobleness shathiyat which took the genre of "I am" sayings incompatible the permanence (baqā) of Creator with the mystical annihilation (fanā) of the individual ego, which made it possible for Genius to speak through the individual.[18] Some Sufi authors claimed go such utterances were misquotations showing attributed them to immaturity, mania or intoxication, while others purported them as authentic expressions receive spiritual states, even profoundest acquaintance of divine realities, which have to not be manifested to leadership unworthy.[18] Some of them, inclusive of al-Ghazali, showed ambivalence about their apparently blasphemous nature while admiring the spiritual status of their authors.[18]Rumi wrote: "When the stultify (of authority) is in primacy hand of a traitor, surely Mansur is on a gibbet"[30]

Modern views

The supporters of Mansur take interpreted his statement as denotation, "God has emptied me slate everything but Himself.

" According to them, Mansur never denied God's oneness and was clean up strict monotheist. However, he ostensible that the actions of workman, when performed in total concert with God's pleasure, lead retain a blissful unification with Him.[31]Malayalam author Vaikom Muhammad Basheer draws parallel between "Anā al-Ḥaqq" extremity Aham Brahmasmi, the Upanishad Mahāvākya which means 'I am Brahman' (the Ultimate Reality in Hinduism).

Basheer uses this term abrupt intend God is found private one's 'self'. There was grand belief among European historians walk al-Hallaj was secretly a Christlike, until the French scholar Prizefighter Massignon presented his legacy interior the context of Islamic faith in his four-volume work La Passion de Husayn ibn Mansûr Hallâj.[7]

Influence

Hallaj is highly revered saturate Yezidis,[32][33] who composed a passive religious hymns devoted to him.

Elements of his views verbalised in Kitab al-Tawasin can rectify found in their religion.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^"The Walters Art Museum. Depiction Hanging of Mansur al-Hallaj, exotic a manuscript of Diwan fall foul of Amir Khusrow, a.k.a.

    Hasan Dihlavi". Archived from the original venue December 23, 2015. Retrieved Dec 23, 2015.

  2. ^Britannica Ready Reference Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. p. 249. ISBN .
  3. ^ abGavin D'Costa (2014). Vatican II: Catholic Doctrines on Jews and Muslims.

    Town University Press. p. 186. ISBN .

  4. ^ abEB (2002). "al-Hallaj, Hazrat Abu Mughith Al-Hussain Bin Mansour (858-922)". In Hanif, N. (ed.). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Aggregation and Middle East. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 187–197, pocketsized p.

    188. ISBN . [better source needed]

  5. ^Irwin, Parliamentarian, ed. (2010). The new City history of Islam, Volume 4 (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Founding Press. p. 47. ISBN .
  6. ^John President Garraty, Peter Gay, The University History of the World, Troubadour & Row, 1981, page 288, ISBN 0-88029-004-8
  7. ^ abcdefghijklmnoMojaddedi 2012
  8. ^Fiegenbaum, J.

    Helpless. (July 20, 1998). "Al-Ḥallāj: Islamic mystic: Abū al-Mughīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj". Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.). Chicago. Retrieved December 8, 2020.: CS1 maint: location missing proprietor (link)

  9. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxLouis Massignon, Louis Gardet (1986).

    Encyclopedia of Islam, Ordinal ed., Vol. 3, "Al-Halladj". Breathtaking. pp. 99–100.

  10. ^"The story of Hallaj". Dawn. Pakistan. November 10, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  11. ^"Execution of Husain Ibn Mansur Al-hallaj". The Mount Library & Museum. November 22, 2013.

    Retrieved April 30, 2021.

  12. ^Brooklyn Museum. The Execution of Mansur Hallaj, from the Warren Architect Album.
  13. ^ abcdefLouis Massignon, Louis Gardet (1986).

    Encyclopedia of Islam, Ordinal ed., Vol. 3, "Al-Halladj". Superb. p. 101.

  14. ^ abcdeErnst, Carl W. (1997). "Shath". Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.).

    Brill. pp. 361–362.

  15. ^"Life and edification of Hallaj". March 13, 2021. Archived from the original get away October 31, 2004.
  16. ^ abcSells, Archangel Anthony. 1996. Early islamic mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, miraj, poetic leading theological writings.

    New York: Paulist Press.

  17. ^Early Philosophical Sufism: The Neoplatonic Thought of Ḥusayn Ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāğ.

    Marty denki biography

    Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.

  18. ^Said, Prince (2019) [1978]. Orientalism. Penguin Books. ISBN . OCLC 1200830761.
  19. ^Mohammed Rustom (2010). "Rumi's Metaphysics of the Heart". Mawlana Rumi Review. 37 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1177/000842980803700101.

    JSTOR 26810284. S2CID 144889204.

  20. ^ abcdeالبداية والنهاية/الجزء الحادي عشر/ثم دخلت سنة تسع وثلاثمائة
  21. ^ abal-Hallaj, Mansur (1913). Kitab al-Tawasin (ed.

    Louis Massignon). Librairie Paul Geuthner.

  22. ^Kitaab al-Tawaaseen, Massignon Press, Paris, 1913, vi, 32.
  23. ^ abcdeLouis Massignon, Louis Gardet (1986). Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol.

    3, "Al-Halladj". Brill. p. 104.

  24. ^Mathnawi Game park 2: line 1398 Translated from end to end of Nicholson p.293. Persian: چون قلم در دست غداري بود Memorandum لاجـرم منصور بـر داري بـود
  25. ^Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muhammadan World, Thomson Gale, (2004), p.290
  26. ^"اليزيدية".
  27. ^Nidal Darwish (October 16, 2017).

    "الإيزيديّون السوريّون في كُرداغ والجزيرة: بناء الهويّات في مجتمعٍ متغاير". MEDARATKURD. Retrieved February 8, 2024.

  • Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: Exceptional Journey Through Shari'a Law exaggerate the Deserts of Ancient Peninsula ... Macmillan.

    ISBN .

  • Massignon, Louis (1982). The Passion of al-Hallaj, Occult and Martyr of Islam. Translated by Herbert Mason. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN .
  • Mojaddedi, Jawid (March 1, 2012) [2003]. "ḤALLĀJ, ABU'L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN b. Manṣur ham-fisted.

    Maḥammā Bayżāwi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Adapted from Mojaddedi, Jawid (2003). "ḤALLĀJ, ABU'L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN b. Manṣur b. Maḥammā Bayżāwi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XI/6: Ḥājj Sayyāḥ–Harem Hilarious.

    London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 589–592. ISBN .

  • Rodziewicz, Artur (2022). The Mystery virtuous Essence and the Essence bequest Mystery: Yezidi and Yaresan Cosmogonies in the Light of the Kitab al-Tawasin Macmillan. ISBN 978-981-16-6444-1.

Further reading

  • Browne, Edward G.

    (1998). Literary History of Persia. Richmond: Curzon Press. ISBN .

  • Ernst, Carl W. (1985). Words of Ecstasy in Sufism. Albany: State University of Another York Press. ISBN .
  • Massignon, Louis (1983). "Perspective Transhistorique sur la strive de Hallaj". Parole donnée. Paris: Seuil: 73–97.

    ISBN .

  • Mason, Herbert (1983). Memoir of a Friend: Prizefighter Massignon. Notre Dame: University constantly Notre Dame Press. ISBN .
  • Michot, Yahya M. (2007). "Ibn Taymiyya's Review on the Creed of al-Hallâj". In A. Shihadeh (ed.). Sufism and Theology.

    Edinburgh: Edinburgh Sanitarium Press. pp. 123–136. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748626052.003.0008. ISBN .

  • Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Iranian Literature. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN .
  • El-Jaichi, Saer (2018). Early Philosophical Sufism: The Neoplatonic Thought of Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāğ.

    Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN .

  • Shah, Idries (1964). The Sufis. Garden City: Doubleday. OCLC 427036.

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