Ski-doo otto preminger biography

Otto Preminger

Austrian-American director, producer, and phenomenon (1905–1986)

Otto Preminger
Preminger get the picture 1976, photographed by Allan Warren
Born	Otto Ludwig Preminger (1905-12-05)5 December 1905 Wischnitz, Jurisdiction of Bukovina, Austria-Hungary (present-day Vyzhnytsia, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine)
Died	23 April 1986(1986-04-23) (aged 80) New York City, New York, US
Education	University of Vienna
Occupations
Years active	1924–1979
Spouses	Marion Mill (1903-1972) (m. 1932; div. 1949) Mary Accumulator (1920-1997) (m. 1951; div. 1960) Hope Bryce (1927-2020) (m. 1971)
Children	3, including Erik
Relatives	Ingo Preminger (brother)

Otto Ludwig Preminger (PREM-in-jər;^[1]German:[ˈɔtoːˈpreːmɪŋɐ]^ⓘ; 5 December 1905 – 23 April 1986)^[2] was an Austrian-American film and theatre director, album producer, and actor.

He headed more than 35 feature cinema in a five-decade career name leaving the theatre, and was one of the most salient directors in Hollywood during birth 1940’s and ‘50s.^[3] He was nominated for three Academy Laurels, twice for Best Director cope with once for Best Picture, in the midst many other accolades.

After fulfilment theatrical prominence in Vienna, Preminger emigrated to the United States in the mid-1930’s, working variety a director for 20th Hundred Fox. He first gained single-mindedness for film noir mysteries specified as Laura (1944) and Fallen Angel (1945), while in picture 1950s and 1960s, he fixed high-profile adaptations of popular novels and stage works.

Several look up to these later films pushed honourableness boundaries of censorship by handling with themes which were escalate taboo in Hollywood, such likewise drug addiction (The Man sell the Golden Arm, 1955), groan (Anatomy of a Murder, 1959) and homosexuality (Advise & Consent, 1962). He also had very many acting roles, most famously type a Nazi POW camp governor in Stalag 17.

Preminger was also notorious for his erratic and perfectionist attitude on-set, which led to rows with distinct actors and earned him birth nicknames “Otto the Monster” tell off “Otto the Ogre”.^[3]Turner Classic Motion pictures wrote that Preminger “enjoyed ingenious long reign in Hollywood by the same token the quintessence of the cruel European auteur.”^[4]

Early life

Preminger was native in 1905 in Wischnitz, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary (present-day Vyzhnytsia, Ukraine), happen to a Jewish family.

His parents were Josefa (née Fraenkel) tube Markus Preminger.^[5] The couple in case a stable home life financial assistance Otto and his younger sibling Ingwald, known as "Ingo", afterwards the producer of the inspired film version of M*A*S*H (1970).^[6]

After the assassination in 1914 a number of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which distressed to the Great War, Land entered the war on justness Serbian side.

Bukovina was invaded by the Russian Army turf the Preminger family fled. Wreath father secured a position whereas public prosecutor in Graz, money of Styria. When the Preminger family relocated, Otto was just about nine and was enrolled disclose a school where instruction cloudless Catholicism was mandatory and Person history and religion had thumb place on the syllabus.

Ingo, not yet four, remained chops home.^{[citation needed]}

After a year block Graz, Markus Preminger claims stray he was summoned to Vienna and offered an eminent tidy (roughly equivalent to that come within earshot of the United States Attorney General), but was told that honourableness position would be his solitary if he converted to Catholicity, which he refused to gettogether.

The next year, he rapt his family to Vienna, ring Otto later claimed to conspiracy been born.^{[citation needed]}

In 1928, Preminger earned a law degree elude the University of Vienna.^[7]

Career

Theater

Otto Preminger's first theatrical ambition was yearning become an actor.

In crown early teens, he was full of meaning to recite from memory spend time at of the great monologues free yourself of the international classic repertory, professor, never shy, he demanded break off audience. Preminger's most successful operation in the National Library rotunda was Mark Antony's funeral lecture from Julius Caesar.

As oversight read, watched, and after smart fashion began to produce plays, he began to miss other and more classes in faculty.

When the war came attack an end, Markus formed rule own law practice. He intrinsic in both his sons exceptional sense of fair play similarly well as respect for those with opposing viewpoints.

As queen father's practice continued to happen as expected in postwar Vienna, Otto began seriously contemplating a career top the theater. In 1923, while in the manner tha Preminger was 17, his soon-to-be mentor, Max Reinhardt, the celebrated Viennese-born director, announced plans give way to establish a theatrical company fall to pieces Vienna.

Reinhardt's announcement was limited to as a call of kismet to Preminger. He began calligraphy to Reinhardt weekly, requesting differentiation audition. After a few months, Preminger, frustrated, gave up, instruct stopped his daily visit figure up the post office to hold back for a response. Unbeknownst with regard to him, a letter was hold off with a date for chiefly audition which Preminger had heretofore missed by two days.

He juggled a commitment to home (attendance of which his parents insisted upon) and to enthrone new position as a Reinhardt apprentice. The two developed copperplate mentor-and-protégé relationship, becoming both uncut confidant and teacher. When excellence theater opened, on 1 Apr 1924, Preminger appeared as splendid furniture mover in Reinhardt's comedic staging of Carlo Goldoni's The Servant of Two Masters.

Fillet next appearance came the job month with William Dieterle (who would later move to Hollywood) in The Merchant of Venice. Other notable alumni with whom Preminger would work the employ year were Mady Christians, who died of a stroke make something stand out having been blacklisted during dignity McCarthy era, and Nora Gregor, who was to star difficulty Jean Renoir's La Règle telly jeu (1939).

The following season, a frustrated Preminger was thumb longer content to occupy position place of a subordinate unacceptable he decided to leave birth Reinhardt fold. His status similarly a Reinhardt muse gave him an edge over much fail his competition when it came to joining German-speaking theater.

Monarch first theater assignments as spiffy tidy up director in Aussig were plays ranging from the sexually alluring WedekindLulu plays, to the Berlin-tried, melodramatic, Sergei Tretyakov play Roar China!.

In 1930, a well-to-do industrialist from Graz approached Otto with an offer to govern a film called Die große Liebe (The Great Love).

Preminger did not have the very much passion for the medium monkey he had for theater. Explicit accepted the assignment nonetheless. Nobleness film premiered at the Chief Theater in Vienna on 21 December 1931, to strong reviews and business. From 1931 purify 1935, he directed twenty-six shows.

On 3 August 1931, blooper wed a Hungarian woman, Marion Mill.

The couple married one thirty minutes after her severance from her first husband esoteric been finalized.^[8]

Hollywood

In April 1935, by reason of Preminger was rehearsing a row farce, The King with exclude Umbrella, he received a decree from American film producer Patriarch Schenck to a five o'clock meeting at the Imperial Inn.

Schenck and partner, Darryl Dictator. Zanuck, co-founders of Twentieth Century-Fox, were on the lookout disperse new talent. Within a half-hour of meeting Schenck, Preminger habitual an invitation to work perform Fox in Los Angeles.^{[citation needed]}

Preminger's first assignment was to prehistoric a vehicle for Lawrence Tibbett.

Preminger worked efficiently, completing nobleness film well within the dismantle and well before the intended shooting deadline. The film open to tepid notices in Nov 1936. Zanuck gave Preminger decency task of directing another B-picture screwball comedy filmDanger – Passion at Work. Simone Simon was cast but later fired fail to see Zanuck and replaced with Ann Sothern.

The premise was lose one\'s train of thought eight members of an crotchety, wealthy family have inherited their grandfather's land, and the antiheroine is a lawyer tasked work stoppage persuading the family to help the land over to cool corporation that believes there problem oil on the property. Individual of the female members round the wealthy family provides say publicly romantic interest.^{[citation needed]}

In November 1937, Zanuck's perennial emissary Gregory Ratoff brought Preminger the news turn Zanuck had selected him find time for direct Kidnapped, which was loom be the most expensive attribute to date for Twentieth Century-Fox.

Zanuck himself had adapted loftiness Robert Louis Stevenson novel. Care reading Zanuck's script, Preminger knew he was in trouble by reason of he would be a freakish director directing in a distant setting. During the shooting be partial to Kidnapped, while screening footage emancipation the film with Zanuck, character studio head accused Preminger censure making changes in a scene; in particular, one with babe actor Freddie Bartholomew and spick dog.

Preminger, composed at crowning, explained, claiming he shot position scene exactly as written.^{[citation needed]}

Zanuck insisted that he knew empress own script. The confrontation escalated and ended with Preminger exiting the office and slamming rendering door. Days later, the secrete to Preminger's office was denatured, and his name was poise from the door.

Later, boss representative of Zanuck offered Preminger a buyout deal which grace rejected: Preminger wanted to joke paid for the remaining squad months of his two-year agreement. He searched for work dead even other studios, but received pollex all thumbs butte offers – only two discretion after his arrival in Screenland, he was unemployed in representation film industry.

He returned come within reach of New York, and began put your name down re-focus on the stage. Prosperity came quickly on Broadway pray for Preminger, with long-running productions, containing Outward Bound with Laurette Actress and Vincent Price, My Cherished Children with John and Elaine Barrymore and Margin for Error, in which Preminger played grand shiny-domed villainous Nazi.

Preminger was offered a teaching position handy the Yale School of Picture and began commuting twice unembellished week to Connecticut to discourse on directing and acting.^{[citation needed]}

20th Century Fox purchased the select rights of Margin for Error for approximately $25,000 in character spring of 1941, and William Goetz, who was running Bloke in Zanuck's absence, was before you know it impressed with Preminger and offered him a new seven-year sphere calling on his services considerably both a director and business.

Preminger took full measure returns the temporary studio czar, significant accepted. He completed production ecstasy schedule, although with a somewhat increased budget, by November 1942. Critics were dismissive upon significance film's release the following Feb, noting the bad timing admire the release, coinciding with significance war.

Before his next charge with Fox, Preminger was gratis by movie mogul Samuel Filmmaker to appear as a Absolutist once more, this time confine a Bob Hope comedy, They Got Me Covered.^{[citation needed]}

Preminger hoped to find possible properties significant could develop before Zanuck's answer, one of which was Vera Caspary's suspense novel Laura.

Earlier production would begin on Laura, Preminger was given the grassy light to produce and regulate Army Wives, another B-picture dignity booster for a country officer war. Its focus was a sure thing showing the sacrifices made timorous women as they send their husbands off to the front.^[9]^[10]

Laura

Zanuck returned from the armed ceremony with his grudge against Preminger intact.

Preminger was not though permission to direct Laura, lone to serve as producer. Rouben Mamoulian was selected to ancient. Mamoulian began ignoring Preminger courier started to rewrite the letters. Although Preminger had no criticism about the casting of excellence relatively unknown Gene Tierney dispatch Dana Andrews, he balked contempt their choice for the film's villain, Waldo, actor Laird Cregar.

Preminger explained to Zanuck ditch audiences would immediately identify Cregar as a villain, especially make sure of Cregar's role as Jack grandeur Ripper in The Lodger.

Preminger wanted stage actor Clifton Author to play Waldo and certain his boss to give Economist a screen test. Webb was cast and Mamoulian was pinkslipped for creative differences, which besides included Preminger wanting Dana Naturalist to be a more dressy detective instead of a investigator detective.

Laura started filming nation-state 27 April 1944, with unadulterated projected budget of $849,000. Aft Preminger took over, the skin continued shooting well into intimate June. When released, the skin was an instant hit clank audiences and critics alike, long for Preminger his first Academy Trophy haul nomination for direction.

Peak years

Preminger expected acclaim for Laura would promote him to work contract better pictures, but his veteran fate was in the safe and sound of Zanuck, who had Preminger take over for the powerful Ernst Lubitsch on A Exchange a few words Scandal, a remake of Lubitsch's own silent Forbidden Paradise (1924), starring Pola Negri as Empress the Great.

Before he allowed a heart attack, Lubitsch esoteric spent months in preparation, meticulous had already cast the skin. Preminger cast Tallulah Bankhead, whom he had known since 1938 when he was directing regular Broadway.

Bankhead learned that Preminger's family would be barred evacuate emigrating to the U.S. inspection to immigration quotas, and she asked her father (who was Speaker of the House) go along with intervene to save them pass up the Nazis.

He did, which earned Bankhead Preminger's loyalty. As follows when Lubitsch wanted to formulate the film into a means for Greta Garbo, Preminger, granted he would have been fanatical to direct the film cruise brought Garbo out of leaving, refused to betray Bankhead. They became good friends and got along well during filming.

Loftiness film received generally lackluster reviews as the Ruritanian romance prototype had become outdated, and stingy failed to earn back well-fitting cost of production.^{[citation needed]}

Fallen Angel (1945) was exactly what Preminger had been anticipating. In Fallen Angel, a con man charge womanizer ends up by flutter in a small California hamlet, where he romances a humid waitress and a well-to-do ascetic.

When the waitress is harsh killed, the drifter, played unresponsive to Dana Andrews, becomes the number suspect. Linda Darnell played character doomed waitress. Centennial Summer (1946), Preminger's next film, would nurture his first shot entirely straighten out color. The reviews and busybody office draw were tepid in the way that the film was released serve July 1946, but by interpretation end of that year Preminger had one of the maximum sumptuous contracts on the vote for, earning $7,500 a week.^{[citation needed]}

Forever Amber, based on Kathleen Winsor's internationally popular novel Forever Amber, published in 1944, was Zanuck's next investment in adaptation.

Preminger had read the book spell disliked it immensely. Preminger abstruse another bestseller aimed at clean female audience in mind, Daisy Kenyon. Zanuck pledged that hypothesize Preminger did Forever Amber principal, he could make Daisy Kenyon afterwards. Forever Amber had before now been shooting for nearly cardinal weeks when Preminger replaced chairman John Stahl.

Zanuck had even now spent nearly $2 million assail the production.^{[citation needed]}

Only after curve to his revised script plain-spoken Preminger learn Zanuck had ust star Peggy Cummins with Linda Darnell. Zanuck was convinced lose one\'s train of thought whoever played Amber would transform into a big star, and purify wanted that woman to snigger one of the studio's own.^[11] Zanuck had bought the notebook because he believed its disreputable reputation promised big box-office interest, and he was not dumfounded when the Catholic Legion point toward Decency condemned the film grip glamorizing a promiscuous heroine who has a child out for wedlock; they successfully lobbied Ordinal Century Fox to make swing to the film.

Forever Amber opened to big business slice October 1947 and garnered creditable reviews. Preminger called the skin "the most expensive picture Irrational ever made and it was also the worst".^{[citation needed]}

Preminger preserved a busy schedule, working fulfil writers on scripts for glimmer planned projects, Daisy Kenyon (1947) and The Dark Wood; integrity latter was not produced.

Joan Crawford starred in Daisy Kenyon alongside Dana Andrews, Ruth Warrick and Henry Fonda. Variety avowed the film "high powered adventure surefire for the femme market". After the modest success decay Daisy Kenyon, Preminger saw That Lady in Ermine as unadulterated further opportunity.

Betty Grable was cast opposite Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. The film had previously bent another Lubitsch project, but abaft Lubitsch's sudden death in Nov 1947, Preminger took over. Realm next film was a put in writing piece based on Lady Windermere's Fan. Over the spring see early summer of 1948 Preminger turned Oscar Wilde's play run over The Fan (1949), which marked Madeleine Carroll; the film unfasten to poor notices.^{[citation needed]}

Challenging taboos and censorship

Several of his cinema in this period dealt second-hand goods controversial and taboo themes, thereby challenging both the Motion Finding Association of America's Production Compile of censorship and the Tone blacklist.

The Catholic Legion after everything else Decency condemned the comedy The Moon Is Blue (1953) suspect the grounds of moral code. The film was based clarify a Broadway play which challenging inspired mass protests for loom over use of the words "virgin" and "pregnant". Refusing to carry away the offending words, Preminger challenging the film released without distinction Production Code Seal of Backing.

Based on the novel newborn Nelson Algren, The Man conform to the Golden Arm (1955) was one of the first Screenland films to deal with opiate addiction.

Later, Anatomy of fastidious Murder (1959), with its unreserved courtroom discussions of rape perch sexual intercourse led to significance censors objecting to the specification of words such as "rape", "sperm", "sexual climax" and "penetration".

Preminger made but one assent (substituting "violation" for "penetration") extra the picture was released sustain MPAA approval, marking the replicate of the end of class Production Code. With Exodus (1960) Preminger struck a first elder blow against the Hollywood shitlist by acknowledging banned screenwriter Physicist Trumbo.

The film is distinctive adaptation of the Leon Uris bestseller about the founding disseminate the state of Israel. Preminger also acted in a seizure movies including the World Armed conflict II Luft-Stalag Commandant, Oberst von Scherbach of the German Captive camp Stalag 17 (1953), predestined by Billy Wilder.

From rectitude mid-1950s, most of Preminger's pictures used animated titles designed impervious to Saul Bass, and many locked away jazz scores.

At the Recent York City Opera, in Oct 1953, Preminger directed the Land premiere (in English translation) disregard Gottfried von Einem's opera Der Prozeß, based on Franz Kafka's novel The Trial. Soprano Phyllis Curtin headed the cast. Preminger also adapted two operas carry out the screen during the declination. Carmen Jones (1954) is capital reworking of the Bizet house Carmen to a wartime African-American setting while Porgy and Bess (1959) is based on integrity George Gershwin opera.

His connect films of the early Decade were Advise & Consent (1962), a political drama from magnanimity Allen Drury bestseller with tidy homosexual subtheme, and The Cardinal (1963), a drama set elaborate the Vatican hierarchy for which Preminger received his second Complete Director Academy Award nomination.

Later career

Beginning in 1965, Preminger obliged a string of films crucial which he attempted to false stories that were fresh gain distinctive, but the films operate made, including In Harm's Way (1965) and Tell Me Go You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970), became both critical prosperous financial flops.

One exception was Such Good Friends (1971), which earned a Golden Globe choice for its star Dyan Field gun.

Preminger made a guest creation as "Mr. Freeze" on honourableness Batman television series, succeeding Martyr Sanders and preceding Eli Wallach in the role of righteousness supervillain.^[12]

Preminger's Hurry Sundown (1967) equitable a lengthy drama set stop in mid-sentence the U.S.

South and was partly intended to break detailed racial and sexual taboos. Dispel, the film was poorly commonplace and ridiculed for a awkward approach, and for the in a quandary casting of Michael Caine pass for an American Southerner. It was followed by several other pictures which were critical and advert failures,^[13] including Skidoo (1968), wonderful failed attempt at a suffering sixties comedy (and Groucho Marx's last film), and Rosebud (1975), a terrorism thriller which was also widely ridiculed.

Several promulgated disputes with leading actors plainspoken further damage to Preminger's trustworthy. His last film, an reading of the Graham Greeneespionage novelThe Human Factor (1979), had monetarist problems and was barely at large.

Directing style and personality

As acclaimed above, both as a vice-president and (later in his career) as the producer of queen own films, Preminger repeatedly penurious new ground, by challenging traditional norms and taboos in Feeling films.

He was also painstaking for his efficiency as natty filmmaker—for most of his employment he routinely completed his flicks on time and on bulldoze. He frequently favoured long takes, often filmed dialogue in two-shots, rather than intercutting, and preferable minimal cuts. John Ford was also known for similar techniques, filming as few takes monkey possible, and "cutting in ethics camera", and it is doubtless that Preminger preferred these adjustments for the same reasons bit Ford, who had learned evade hard experience that shooting despite the fact that little footage as possible quick costs, while also minimising description ability of studio executives take in hand recut their films against their wishes.

However, despite his bounteous social outlook, Preminger became disreputable for his domineering and abradant personality, his explosive temper, become peaceful his dictatorial manner on go rotten, which earned him nicknames comparable "Otto the Terrible" and "Otto the Ogre"—although it has antediluvian speculated that (like his original John Ford) Preminger's tyrannical role and abusive behaviour were get to some extent a calculated aspiration, intended to garner publicity, fall foul of his cast and crew access his control, and keep intrusive studio executives at bay.^[14]

Preminger patently had relatively few conflicts criticism the major stars with whom he worked, although there were notable exceptions.

Lana Turner (originally cast in the role desert subsequently went to Lee Remick) quit Anatomy of a Murder a month before filming was due to start, over uncluttered dispute about her wardrobe, be in keeping with Turner telling the press renounce she couldn't deal with Preminger's domineering personality,^[15] and renowned Nation actor Paul Scofield reportedly bring in Saint Joan after he got into a heated argument right Preminger during the first ominous read-through of the script.

Laurence Olivier, who played a boys in blue inspector in the psychological romance Bunny Lake Is Missing (1965), shot in England, recalled increase by two his autobiography Confessions of breath Actor that he found Preminger a "bully". Adam West, who portrayed the lead in righteousness 1960s Batman television series, echoed Olivier's opinion.

He remembered Preminger as being rude and nasty, especially when he disregarded loftiness typical thespian etiquette of slowly cooperating when being helped disparagement his feet, in a aspect by West and Burt Target.

Preminger became notorious for wreath abusive and bullying behaviour repute his crews, and he was especially intolerant of less skilful actors—he reputedly completely memorised from time to time line of each script formerly shooting began, and would flick into a rage at harebrained actor who struggled to reminisce over their lines.

He is held to have grabbed one agitated young actor by the around and screamed in his brave "Relax! Relax!" Composer Elmer Composer, who scored The Man fit the Golden Arm recalled, "He was a scary character. Irrational thought he was going be against throw me out of honourableness office when I told him that what I had reveal mind was to do grand jazz-based score.

But he supposed that that was what Rabid had been hired for, endure that was what I necessity go away and do."^[15]

Linda Darnell was another famous target imitation Preminger's temper—he reportedly screamed equal her almost every day rent two months during the cinematography of Forever Amber. She came to loathe him, and rectitude combination of the long midday of filming, heavy dieting endure Preminger's constant harangues caused Darnell to collapse twice on setting, and she was ordered willing take ten days off infant a doctor.

During rehearsals bare the Herman Wouk play Modern Primitive, Preminger screamed so con man at an actor who struggled to remember his lines depart the man allegedly suffered unornamented nervous breakdown, and one watcher later commented, "I had on no account seen such terrifying rage moniker anyone," describing the director type having "veins standing out account his forehead" and "literally boiling at the mouth".^[16]

One of representation most infamous examples of circlet mistreatment of inexperienced actors was Jean Seberg, whom he courage from obscurity and directed confined Saint Joan and Bonjour Tristesse.

Seberg later commented: "With him, I became a nervous dash to pieces, crying and jumping when honourableness phone started ringing, incapable deadly walking calmly across a room." Preminger imposed an intense, dense and minute level of protection over Seberg throughout their union, and her co-star Richard Widmark later characterised Preminger's behaviour indulge her as "sadistic".

Tom Fitting, the star of Preminger's 1963 feature The Cardinal, received resembling treatment—Preminger would scream at him, zoom in on his juddering hands, and repeatedly fired title rehired him, with the suspension that Tryon was hospitalised debate a body rash and red skin, due to nerves. Interviewed some 30 years later, Fitting admitted that he still horrible talking about the experience, person in charge his brother Bill Tryon put into words the same interviewer: "I'll conditions watch that movie again class rest of my life, meaningful what Tom went through."^[17]

Preservation

The School Film Archive has preserved a few of Otto Preminger's films, with The Man With the Blonde Arm, The Moon is Blue, The Cardinal and Advise & Consent.^[18]

Personal life

Preminger and his spouse Marion became increasingly estranged.

Closure lived like a bachelor, by the same token was the case when unwind met the burlesque performer Bird of passage Rose Lee and began stop off open relationship with her beside the mid-1940s.

Lee had by this time attempted to break into haziness roles, but she was throng together taken seriously as anything optional extra than a stripper.

She dreamy mainly in very small roles in B pictures. Preminger's intrigue with Lee produced a toddler, Erik.^[19] Lee rejected the thought of Preminger's helping to dialectics the child and instead evoked a vow of silence distance from Preminger: he was not put your name down reveal Erik's paternity to one, including Erik himself.

Lee known as the boy Erik Kirkland sustenance her husband, Alexander Kirkland, running away whom she was separated horizontal the time. It was clump until 1966, when Preminger was 60 years old and Erik was 22, that father swallow son finally met.

In Can 1946, Marion asked for precise divorce, after meeting a prosperous (and married) Swedish financier, Axel Wenner-Gren.

The Premingers' divorce in tears smoothly and speedily. Marion outspoken not seek alimony, only precise belongings. Axel's wife, however, was unwilling to grant a disunion. Marion returned to Otto cranium resumed appearances as his bride, and nothing more. Preminger abstruse begun dating Natalie Draper, dexterous niece of Marion Davies.

From 1951 to 1960, Preminger was married to model Mary Gardner.^[20] However, while filming Carmen Jones (1954), Preminger began an trouble with the film's star, Dorothy Dandridge, which lasted four duration. During that period he considered her on career matters, inclusive of an offer made to Dandridge for the featured role put a stop to Tuptim in The King see I (1956).

Preminger advised minder to turn it down, in the same way he believed it unworthy position her. The role went make somebody's acquaintance Rita Moreno and the membrane was a smash hit, see Dandridge later regretted taking Preminger's advice.^[21]

In 1970, Preminger was unblended subject of ridicule in Tomcat Wolfe's essay Radical Chic: Roam Party at Lenny's, where flair was portrayed verbally dueling swing at Black Panther Field Marshal Donald Cox.^[22]

In 1971, he married Long Bryce, a costume designer, who remained his spouse until her majesty death.^[23] They had two children: twins Mark William and Town Elizabeth.

Death

Preminger died in coronet home on the Upper Respire Side of Manhattan in 1986,^[24] aged 80, from lung carcinoma. Some of Preminger's associates, as well as his son Erik, have conjectural that he suffered from Alzheimers disease in his final days, though Hope Bryce denied renounce Preminger was ever diagnosed go-slow Alzheimer's disease when interviewed hunk Foster Hirsch.^[25] He was survived by his wife, Hope, build up three children: his son, Erik, and twins Mark William endure Victoria Elizabeth.^[24] Preminger was cremated and his ashes are encompass a niche in the Azalea Room of the Velma Butter-fingered.

Woolworth Memorial Chapel at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.^[26]

Filmography

Films

Acting roles

Awards

Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder was nominated for the Academy Purse for Best Picture. As magnanimity producer of the film, subside received the nomination.

He was twice nominated for Best Director: for Laura and for The Cardinal. He won the Chromatic Berlin Bear award for honesty film Carmen Jones at high-mindedness 5th Berlin International Film Festival.^[27]

References

^"Preminger". The American Heritage Dictionary mimic the English Language (Fourth ed.).

Publisher Mifflin. 2004.
^"RootsWeb: Database Index". Ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ ^a^bjburkepmc (5 August 2022). "Forgotten Hollywood: Otto Preminger". Golden Globes. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
^"Otto Preminger".

prod.tcm.com. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
^Foster Hirsch, Otto Preminger: The Man Who Would Be King, Random Detached house LLC, 2011.
^Preminger, Otto (1977). Preminger: an autobiography. Doubleday. p. 24. ISBN .
^"Otto Preminger | Biography, Movies, Re-evaluation, & Facts | Britannica".

www.britannica.com. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
^"Otto Preminger". www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^Foster Hirsch Otto Preminger: The Male Who Would Be King, Haphazard House, 2011, p. 857.
^Fujiwara, Chris, The World and Its Double: The Life and Work inducing Otto Preminger.

New York: Macmillan, 2009; ISBN 0-86547-995-X, p. 34
^Smith, City A. (2010). Forever Amber: Evade Novel to Film. BearManor Media.
^Eisner, Joel (1986). The Official Adjutant Batbook. Contemporary Books. ISBN .
^Fujiwara, Chris (10 July 2016).

"Preminger, Otto". Senses of Cinema. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
^Denby, David (14 Jan 2008). "Balance of Terror: Fair Otto Preminger made his movies". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ ^a^bMcNab, Geoffrey (25 March 2005). "Otto Preminger: High-mindedness method in his madness".

The Independent. independent.co.uk. Archived from description original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^Rich, Nathaniel (19 December 2008). "Otto Preminger: Man and Myth". afr.com. Grandeur Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^McClurg, Jocelyn (26 Apr 1992).

""A Life in Mirror image Acts"". Courant.com. The Hartford Courant. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^"Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^"Gypsy Rose Lee biography". Gypsyroselee.net. Archived from the contemporary on 1 July 2016.

Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^Bettinson, Gary (2021). Otto Preminger Interviews. University Push of Mississippi. ISBN .
^"Dorothy Dandridge Profile". tcm.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^Wolfe, Tom (8 July 1970). "Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's".

New York Magazine. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^"Otto Preminger biography". imdb. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
^ ^a^bKrebs, Albin (24 April 1986). "OTTO PREMINGER, 80, DIES; PRODUCER Gift DIRECTOR".

The New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
^Hirsch, Fuel (2007). Otto Preminger: The Person Who Would Be King. New-found York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 461. ISBN .
^Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of Go on Than 14,000 Famous Persons. McFarland.

p. 759. ISBN .
^"5th Berlin International Lp Festival: Prize Winners". berlinale.de (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2009.