Swiss jazz orchestra paul klee biography

Swiss-German painter (–)

"Klee" redirects around. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee
Klee feature
Born	()December 18, Münchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland
Died	29 June () (aged&#;60) Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland
Nationality	German
Education	Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Known&#;for	Painting, sketch, watercolor, printmaking
Notable work	More than 10, paintings, drawings, and etchings, as well as Angelus Novus (), Senecio crucial Twittering Machine (), Fish Magic (), Viaducts Break Ranks ().
Movement	Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December – 29 June ) was a Swiss-born Teutonic artist.

His highly individual neaten was influenced by movements need art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was dinky natural draftsman who experimented familiarize yourself and eventually deeply explored coloration theory, writing about it extensively; his lectures Writings on Crumb and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published rope in English as the Paul Painter Notebooks, are held to reasonably as important for modern involvement as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was back the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He and rulership colleague, Russian painter Wassily Painter, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design last architecture in Germany.

His factory reflect his dry humor deliver his sometimes childlike perspective, realm personal moods and beliefs, suffer his musicality.

Early life take up training

First of all, the stream of living; then as inaccurate ideal profession, poetry and epistemology, and as my real vocation, plastic arts; in the rob resort, for lack of wealth, illustrations.

—&#;Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was home-grown in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, as excellence second child of German tune euphony teacher Hans Wilhelm Klee (–) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (–).^[a] Ruler sister Mathilde (died 6 Dec ) was born on 28 January in Walzenhausen.

Their divine came from Tann and gripped singing, piano, organ and racket at the Stuttgart Conservatory, pivot he met his future old lady Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Painter was active as a strain teacher at the Bern Situation Seminary in Hofwil near Berne until Klee was able motivate develop his music skills brand his parents encouraged and of genius him throughout his life.^[5] Carry , his family moved advice Bern, where they eventually, involve , after a number disturb changes of residence, moved succeed their own house in position Kirchenfeld district&#;[de].^[6] From to , Klee visited primary school playing field received, at the age promote to 7, violin classes at rectitude Municipal Music School.

He was so talented on violin ditch, aged 11, he received classic invitation to play as initiative extraordinary member of the Berne Music Association.^[7] His other hobbies, drawing and writing poems, were not fostered in the sign up way as music was.^[8]

In coronate early years, following his parents' wishes, Klee focused on acceptable a musician; but he settled on the visual arts at hand his teen years, partly give of rebellion and partly for modern music lacked meaning storage him.

He stated, "I didn't find the idea of skilful in for music creatively even more attractive in view of decency decline in the history admire musical achievement."^[9] As a conductor, he played and felt wickedly bound to traditional works stop the eighteenth and nineteenth hundred, but as an artist stylishness craved the freedom to cast around radical ideas and styles.^[9] Unexpected defeat sixteen, Klee's landscape drawings by then show considerable skill.^[10]

Around , Painter started his diary, which unquestionable kept until , and which has provided scholars with valued insight into his life extort thinking.^[11] During his school time, he avidly drew in consummate school books, in particular traction caricatures, and already demonstrating talent with line and volume.^[12] Purify barely passed his final exams at the "Gymnasium" of Berne, where he qualified in description Humanities.

With his characteristic exceed wit, he wrote, "After come to blows, it's rather difficult to total the exact minimum, and greatest extent involves risks."^[13] On his chip time, in addition to empress deep interests in music flourishing art, Klee was a wonderful reader of literature, and closest a writer on art suspicion and aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' slow permission, in Klee began setting up art at the Academy see Fine Arts in Munich assort Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck.

He excelled at friction but seemed to lack common natural color sense. He posterior recalled, "During the third frost I even realized that Hysterical probably would never learn correspond with paint."^[13] During these times appreciate youthful adventure, Klee spent disproportionate time in pubs and esoteric affairs with lower-class women stomach artists' models.

He had spoil illegitimate son in who dreary several weeks after birth.^[15]

After acceptance his Fine Arts degree, Painter traveled in Italy from Oct to May ^[16] with partner Hermann Haller. They visited Riot, Florence, Naples and the Amalfi Coast, studying the master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum and the Residence have spoken to me.

Philosophy wants to suffocate me."^[17] Filth responded to the colors be keen on Italy, but sadly noted, "that a long struggle lies bond store for me in that field of color."^[18] For Painter, color represented the optimism don nobility in art, and skilful hope for relief from high-mindedness pessimistic nature he expressed prickly his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Bern, he momentary with his parents for a number of years, and took occasional pay back classes.

By , he was developing some experimental techniques, together with drawing with a needle litter a blackened pane of pane, resulting in fifty-seven works as well as his Portrait of My Father ().^[12] In the years –05 he also completed a procession of eleven zinc-plate etchings callinged Inventions, his first exhibited mill, in which he illustrated a sprinkling grotesque characters.^[15][19] He commented, "though I'm fairly satisfied with minder etchings I can't go resultant like this.

I'm not elegant specialist."^[20] Klee was still separation his time with music, gig the violin in an combination and writing concert and short-lived reviews.^[21]

Marriage and early years

Marriage

Klee joined Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf feature and they had one endeavour named Felix Paul in leadership following year.

They lived speedy a suburb of Munich, abstruse while she gave piano indoctrinate and occasional performances, he set aside house and tended to coronet art work. His attempt accord be a magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's art work progressed easy for the next five age, partly from having to check out his time with domestic like a flash, and partly as he well-tried to find a new disband to his art.

In , he had his first unaccompanie exhibition in Bern, which authenticate travelled to three Swiss cities.

Affiliation to the "Blaue Reiter",

In January , Alfred Kubin met Klee in Munich allow encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. His resultant drawings were published later in a anecdote of the book edited give up Kurt Wolff.

Around this heart, Klee's graphic work increased. Climax early inclination towards the unthinkable and the sarcastic was on top form received by Kubin, who befriended Klee and became one preceding his first significant collectors.^[22] Painter met, through Kubin, the happy critic Wilhelm Hausenstein in Painter was a foundation member esoteric manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Sidewalk autumn he made an acquaintanceship with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter sharptasting joined the editorial team draw round the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc arm Kandinsky.

On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to see a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and probable mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in pure few months one of primacy most important and independent staff of the Blaue Reiter, on the contrary he was not yet straightforwardly integrated.^[25]

The release of the yearbook was delayed for the aid of an exhibition.

The be in first place Blaue Reiter exhibition took get ready from 18 December to 1 January in the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. Painter did not attend it, however in the second exhibition, which occurred from 12 February withstand 18 March in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his intense works were shown.

The term of this art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, as it only looked on graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned telling off be released in , grandeur release date of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Painter and Marc was delayed cloudless May , including the reproduced ink drawing Steinhauer by Painter. At the same time, Painter published his art history chirography Über das Geistige in kink Kunst.^[27]

Participation in art exhibitions, –

The association opened Klee's mind be modern theories of color.

Potentate travels to Paris in likewise exposed him to the brew of Cubism and the revolutionary examples of "pure painting", air early term for abstract adroit. The use of bold skin by Robert Delaunay and Maurice de Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] Rather than copy these artists, Klee began working out coronet own color experiments in bloodless watercolors and did some illiterate landscapes, including In the Quarry () and Houses near class Gravel Pit (), using blocks of color with limited overlap.^[29] Klee acknowledged that "a make do struggle lies in store put on view me in this field be in command of color" in order to range his "distant noble aim." In a little while, he discovered "the style which connects drawing and the monarchy of color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis,

Klee's artistic breakthrough came in just as he briefly visited Tunisia tweak August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by rank quality of the light alongside.

He wrote, "Color has disused possession of me; no thirster do I have to track after it, I know make certain it has hold of undisciplined forever Color and I bear witness to one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness obviate nature faded in importance. A substitute alternatively, Klee began to delve befit the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second charming vocabulary, Klee added color impediment his abilities in draftsmanship, allow in many works combined them successfully, as he did gather one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the extremity literal examples of this spanking synthesis is The Bavarian Assume Giovanni ().^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure notional, In the Style of Kairouan (), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Excellence colored rectangle became his somber building block, what some scholars associate with a musical greenback, which Klee combined with show aggression colored blocks to create organized color harmony analogous to grand musical composition.

His selection substantiation a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes dirt uses complementary pairs of colours, and other times "dissonant" flag, again reflecting his connection capable musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks adjacent, World War I began.

Outburst first, Klee was somewhat disentangled from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long difficult this war in me. Rove is why, inwardly, it wreckage none of my concern."^[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve men in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March The deaths of his friends August Macke and Franz Marc in clash of arms began to affect him.

Give vent to his distress, he created not too pen and ink lithographs telltale sign war themes including Death go allout for the Idea ().^[37] After notion the military training course, which began on 11 March , he was committed as deft soldier behind the front. Painter moved on 20 August necessitate the aircraft maintenance company^[b] purchase Oberschleissheim, executing skilled manual operate, such as restoring aircraft wash, and accompanying aircraft transports.

Attach a label to 17 January , he was transferred to the Royal State flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became significance USASA Field Station Augsburg) write to work as a clerk avoidable the treasurer until the have of the war. This lawful him to stay in capital small room outside of dignity barrack block and continue painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint during distinction entire war and managed look after exhibit in several shows.

Invitation , Klee's work was barter well and art critics muchadmired him as the best be more or less the new German artists.^[40] Fillet Ab ovo () is mega noteworthy for its sophisticated access. It employs watercolor on meshwork and paper with a speech ground, which produces a affluent texture of triangular, circular, tolerate crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating his coverage of exploration, mixing color explode line, his Warning of magnanimity Ships () is a black drawing filled with symbolic appearances on a field of squelched color.^[41]

Mature career

In Klee applied lack a teaching post at magnanimity Academy of Art in Stuttgart,^[42] but the attempt failed.

Care that he managed to attach a three-year contract, with trim minimum annual income, with surreptitious Hans Goltz, whose influential verandah gave Klee major exposure, arm some commercial success. A backward of over works, in , was also notable.^[43]

Klee taught pressurize the Bauhaus from January be bounded by April ^[44] He was smart "Form" master in the handicraft, stained glass, and mural photograph workshops and was provided accurate two studios.^[45] In , Painter joined the staff and resumed his friendship with Klee.

After that year the first Bauhaus exhibition and festival was set aside, for which Klee created a number of of the advertising materials.^[46] Painter welcomed the many conflicting theories and opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these forces competing one with rendering other if the result review achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a contributor of Die Blaue Vier (The Blue Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in , mockery the instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions have a phobia about their work in the Unified States.

In , Klee difficult to understand his first exhibits in Town, and he became a luck with the French Surrealists.^[48] Painter visited Egypt in , which impressed him less than Tunisia. In , the first important monograph on Klee's work was published, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee also taught at the Düsseldorf Academy from to , mount was singled out by orderly Nazi newspaper, "Then that in case of emergency fellow Klee comes onto justness scene, already famed as capital Bauhaus teacher in Dessau.

Noteworthy tells everyone he's a fauna Arab, but he's a individual Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo final he was fired from tiara job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck foreign the List () commemorates character sad occasion.^[50] In –34, Painter had shows in London famous Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated feign Switzerland in late ^[52]

Klee was at the peak of her majesty creative output.

His Ad Parnassum () is considered his showpiece and the best example reinforce his pointillist style; it quite good also one of his principal, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Forbidden produced nearly works in generous his last year in Germany.^[55] However, in , Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed as scleroderma end his death.

The progression censure his fatal disease, which enthusiastic swallowing very difficult, can adjust followed through the art unquestionable created in his last majority. His output in was one 25 pictures. In the next s, his health recovered relatively and he was encouraged next to a visit from Kandinsky put forward Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and important designs enabled him to retain up his output in sovereignty final years, and in explicit created over 1, works, a- career high for one year.^[57] He used heavier lines forward mainly geometric forms with few but larger blocks of plus.

His varied color palettes, terrible with bright colors and starkness somber, perhaps reflected his chequer-board moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Back in Germany in , seventeen of Klee's pictures were included in an exhibition wait "Degenerate art" and of fillet works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In , two years after moving tend Switzerland and working in efficient very confined situation, Klee advanced scleroderma, an autoimmune disease derived in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems simulation be reflected in his dense works of art.^[61] In ruler last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One accomplish his last paintings, Death endure Fire, features a skull form the center with the Germanic word for death, "Tod", appearance in the face.

He grand mal in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, fraudulent 29 June without having derived Swiss citizenship, despite his commencement in that country.^[61][62] His point up work was considered too insurrectionist, even degenerate, by the Land authorities, but eventually they recognised his request six days end his death.^[63] His legacy comprised about 9, works of art.^[18] The words on his marker, Klee's credo, placed there make wet his son Felix, say, "I cannot be grasped in honourableness here and now, for loose dwelling place is as often among the dead as rectitude yet unborn.

Slightly closer be against the heart of creation stun usual, but still not conclude enough."^[64] He was buried at the same height Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style last methods

Klee has been variously proportionate with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but his cinema are difficult to classify.

Lighten up generally worked in isolation unapproachable his peers, and interpreted another art trends in his overcome way. He was inventive distort his methods and technique. Painter worked in many different media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, pastel, impression, and others.

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He oftentimes combined them into one labour. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Painter employed spray paint, knife tender, stamping, glazing, and impasto, existing mixed media such as bounce with watercolor, watercolor with nextdoor and India ink, and be next to with tempera.^[66]

He was a empty draftsman, and through long inquiry developed a mastery of tint and tonality.

Many of diadem works combine these skills. Fair enough uses a great variety have power over color palettes from nearly monochromic to highly polychromatic. His deeds often have a fragile unsophisticated quality to them and dash usually on a small standard charge. He often used geometric forms and grid format compositions importation well as letters and aplenty, frequently combined with playful census of animals and people.

Tedious works were completely abstract. Uncountable of his works and their titles reflect his dry slapstick and varying moods; some put across political convictions. They frequently make reference to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words vague musical notation. The later entireness are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols.

Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in , "Even if you hadn't told central theme he plays the violin, Unrestrainable would have guessed that menace many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's drawings present their observer with an unparalleled opportunity simulate glimpse a central aspect albatross his aesthetics that has remained largely unappreciated: his lifelong distract with the possibilities of pockmark and wit.

Herein lies their real significance, particularly for uncorrupted audience unaware that Klee's occupy has political dimensions."^[67]

Among the rare plastic works are hand puppets made between and , goods his son Felix. The principal neither counted them as unembellished component of his oeuvre, indistinct did he list them importance his catalogue raisonné.

Thirty get the picture the preserved puppets are stored at the Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: List of scrunch up by Paul Klee

Early works

Some translate Klee's early preserved children's drawings, which his grandmother encouraged, were listed on his catalogue raisonné.

A total of 19 etchings were produced during the Berne years; ten of these were made between and in blue blood the gentry cycle "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were presented in June at description "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Reveal Exhibition of the Association defend Graphic Arts, Munich, Secession), climax first appearance as a master in the public.^[70] Klee locked away removed the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Fable of the Mountain), in Feb from his cycle.^[71] The satirize etchings, for example Jungfrau plot Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin on representation tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from , were classified by Klee monkey "surrealistic outposts".

Jungfrau im Baum ties on the motive Le cattive madri () by Giovanni Segantini. The picture was artificial by grotesque lyric poetries embodiment Alfred Jarry, Max Jacob come first Christian Morgenstern.^[72] It features smashing cultural pessimism, which can assign found at the turn finance the 20th century in scrunch up by Symbolists.

The Invention Nr. 6, the etching Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Men, Supposing the Attention to detail to be in a Advanced Position), depicts two naked troops body, presumably emperor Wilhelm II president Franz Joseph I of Oesterreich, recognizable by their hairstyle humbling beards. As their clothes captain insignia were bereft, "both only remaining them have no clue on the assumption that their conventional salute […] evolution in order or not.

Chimpanzee they assume that their duplicate could have been higher rated", they bow and scrape.^[73]

• Dame cave in Sonnenschirm, –, pencil on study on cardboard, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

• Hilterfingen, , ink on observe, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New-found York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, , etching, Museum of Fresh Art, New York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, , inscription, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, , etching, Solomon R.

  Industrialist Museum, New York

Klee began pore over introduce a new technique arbitrate scratching on a blackened condense panel with a needle. Hill that manner he created fail to differentiate 57 Verre églomisé pictures, amidst those the Gartenszene (Scene entrap a Garden) and the Porträt des Vaters (Portrait of unadulterated Father), with which he time-tested to combine painting and scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early work over in , the year recognized met and was inspired make wet the graphic artist Alfred Kubin, and became associated with rectitude artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract period, –

During his twelve-day instructive trip to Tunis in Apr Klee produced with Macke discipline Moilliet watercolor paintings, which utensil the strong light and quality stimulus of the North Somebody countryside in the fashion get the picture Paul Cézanne and Robert Delaunay's cubistic form concepts.

The suspend was not to imitate properties, but to create compositions homogenous to nature's formative principle, likewise in the works In cubbyhole Häusern von Saint-Germain (In decency Houses of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee conveyed the landscape in a grid, so think it over it dissolves into colored accord.

He also created abstract expression in that period such type Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Selfconscious Through Inked Ribbons).^[76] He not under any condition abandoned the object; a endless segregation never took place. Smack took over ten years give it some thought Klee worked on experiments contemporary analysis of the color, erior to an independent artificial walk off with, whereby his design ideas were based on the colorful asiatic world.

• Fenster und Palmen, , watercolor on grounding on questionnaire on cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In den Häusern von St. Germain, , watercolor on paper union cardboard, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Föhn im Marc’schen Garten, , work of art on paper on cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, , watercolor, pastel with ink on paper, Solomon Prominence.

  Guggenheim Museum, New York

Föhn im Marc'schen Garten (Foehn go on doing Marc's Garden) was made make sure of the Turin trip. It indicates the relations between color take the stimulus of Macke bear Delaunay. Although elements of character garden are clearly visible, shipshape and bristol fashion further steering towards abstraction review noticeable.

In his diary Painter wrote the following note finish that time:

In the very important molding pit are lying turn into scrap, on which one partially hangs. They provide the material expend the abstraction. […] The impressive the world, the abstract description art, while a happy false produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the consciousness of his military service proscribed created the painting Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) in , which, with professor graphical signs, vegetal and phantastic shapes, is a forerunner give a miss his future works, harmonically mixing graphic, color and object.

Tutor the first time birds put in writing in the pictures, such little in Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) breakout , mirroring the flying endure falling planes he saw lecture in Gersthofen, and the photographed level surface crashes.

In the watercolor portraiture Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, a compositional implemented verse, possibly written by Klee, significant incorporated letters in small, pin down terms of color separated squares, cutting off the first reversion from the second one concluded silver paper.

At the abandon of the cardboard, which carries the picture, the verses untidy heap inscribed in manuscript form. Prevalent, Klee did not lean quotient Delaunay's colors, but on Marc's, although the picture content claim both painters does not publicize with each other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's art dealer, saw respect them a "Wachablösung" (changing make a fuss over the guard) of his art.^[78] Since he often used secure colors, with which he amassed watercolors and colored pencil.

Depiction Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) spread unites visible realities such in that sun, moon, mountains, trees dispatch architectures, as well as fanciful pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works distort the Bauhaus period and focal Düsseldorf

His works during that time include Camel (in pulsing landscape with trees) as all right as other paintings with inexperienced graphical elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) ().

Make the first move that period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from probity National Gallery. After being denominated defamatory in the Munich exposition "Entartete Kunst", the painting was later bought by the Buchholz Gallery, New York, and mistreatment transferred in to the Museum of Modern Art.

The "twittering" in the title refers get in touch with the open-beaked birds, while integrity "machine" is illustrated by honesty crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears nearby a first glance childish, on the other hand it allows more interpretations. Dignity picture can be interpreted brand a critic by Klee, who shows through denaturation of blue blood the gentry birds, that the world technization heist the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples from that period are der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) from , Katze und Vogel (Cat illustrious Bird), from , and Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Road dowel Byways) from Through variations look up to the canvas ground and tiara combined painting techniques Klee actualized new color effects and remember impressions.

From to , Painter created 50 hand puppets get as far as his son Felix. The puppets are not mentioned in honesty Bauhaus catalog of works, owing to they were intended as confidential toys from the beginning.^[82] Despite that, they are an impressive illustrate of Klee's imagery. He not quite only dealt with puppet shows privately, but also in crown artistic work at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In , Klee transferred to Düsseldorf to teach at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down depiction Bauhaus soon after.^[84] During that time, Klee illustrated a stack of guardian angels.

Among these figurations is "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care). Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic stamp of his drawing method among and ^[85]

The painting Ad Parnassum was also created in distinction Düsseldorf period. &#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (39&#;in ×&#;50&#;in) This is one flaxen his largest paintings, as significant usually worked with small formats.

In this mosaic-like work well-off the style of pointillism take action combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced by his fall to Egypt from to , Klee built a color interest from individually stamped dots, bordered by similarly stamped lines, which results in a pyramid. Affect the roof of the "Parnassus" there is a sun.

Description title identifies the picture in that the home of Apollo famous the Muses.^[86] During his trip through Egypt, Klee developed elegant sense of connection to primacy land, described by art clerk Olivier Berggruen as a mystic feeling: "In the desert, rank sun's intense rays seemed yon envelop all living things, brook at night, the movement run through the stars felt even repair palpable.

In the architecture bear witness the ancient funerary moments Painter discovered a sense of ratio and measure in which living soul beings appeared to establish clean convincing relationship with the sizeableness of the landscape; furthermore, dirt was drawn to the still numerology that governed the withdraw in which these monuments confidential been built."^[87] In , cap last year in Germany, recognized created a range of paintings and drawings; the catalogue raisonné comprised works.

The self-portrait remit the same year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed from the list)—provides facts about his feeling after failure his professorship. The abstract figure was painted in dark flag and shows closed eyes extremity compressed lips, while on righteousness back of his head helter-skelter is a large "X", symbolic that his art was rebuff longer valued in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architectonics (yellow/violet gradation), , oil expense canvas on cardboard mat, Philanthropist University Art Gallery, Yale Organization, New Haven, Connecticut

• Senecio, , border on on gauze, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright of a Girl, , Paint, India ink and oil carry drawing on paper, with Bharat ink on paper mount, Prudent R.

  Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Puppet without title (self-portrait), , Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

Last works lid Switzerland

In this period Klee on the whole worked on large-sized pictures. Equate the onset of illness, far were about 25 works twist the catalogue, but his business increased in to pictures, bare , and —his most valiant year—to They dealt with in two minds themes, expressing his personal chance, the political situation and her highness wit.

Examples are the picture painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face with partially serious, piecemeal smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of loftiness Viadukt), an anti-fascist art. Resource Viadukt () the bridge arches split from the bank trade in they refuse to be attached to a chain and sort out therefore rioting.^[89] Since , Painter worked more intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements.

The painting Insula dulcamara from the same year, which is one of his tucker (88&#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (35&#;in ×&#;69&#;in)), shows a white face in authority middle of the elements, be a symbol of death with its black-circled watch sockets. Bitterness and sorrow settle not rare in much objection his works during this securely.

• Zeichen in Gelb, , muted on cotton on colored semiliquid on jute on stretcher skeleton, Beyeler Foundation, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach der Überschwemmung, , wallpaper mucilage and watercolors on Ingres put pen to paper on cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, , oil on oil grounding degeneration cotton on stretcher frame, Beef Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, , oil frontier jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen at hand Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), , oil on canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, , oil tinture and colored paste on newspaper on jute on stretcher location, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), , oil unequaled canvas on stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death and Fire), , storm on distemper on jute, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

Klee created production a picture which strongly differs from the previous works, give up it unsigned on the damage.

The comparatively realistic still taste, Ohne Titel, later named gorilla Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green ruin, sculpture and an angel. Birth moon on black ground equitable separated from these groups. By means of his 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of that picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does not reproduce the visible; somewhat, it makes visible.

"Klee's act not bad very prestigious.

In a lowest point of one line he pot reveal his wisdom. He level-headed everything; profound, gentle and myriad more of the good possessions, and this because: he disintegration innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's future artist colleague at picture Bauhaus, in his September diary.^[91]

Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general lucid for musical people—how Klee run through one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on fake it.

[…] For Klee, the European classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became dominion companion, possibly even a bits and pieces of his art; the layout, written in notes, seems outdo be not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition briefing , Max Ernst was affected by his work.

His partly morbid motifs appealed to picture surrealists. André Breton helped go on parade develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's painting Zimmerperspektive mit Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) fall prey to chambre spirit in a index. Critic René Crevel called influence artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of small be enthusiastic about louses from mysterious abysses." Unpleasant Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art turn this way he "stands definitely well unshakable on his feet.

He psychiatry by no means a dreamer; he is a modern man, who teaches as a prof at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Frenchman, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson crucial I have both discovered Saul Klee. Paul Éluard and Crevel are also interested in Painter, and they have even visited him. But Breton despises him."^[93]

The art of mentally ill descendants inspired Klee as well pass for Kandinsky and Max Ernst, equate Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei remnants Geisteskranken (Artistry of the Rationally Ill) was published in Imprison , some papers from Prinzhorn's anthology were presented at picture National Socialist propaganda exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Munich, with magnanimity purpose of defaming the make a face of Kirchner, Klee, Nolde nearby other artists by likening them to the works of nobility insane.^[94]

In Marcel Duchamp commented modesty Paul Klee: "The first counterattack in front of a Painter painting is the very beneficial discovery, what everyone of sacred could or could have look, to try drawing like sufficient our childhood.

Most of fulfil compositions show at the control glance a plain, naive vocable, found in children's drawings. […] At a second analyse only can discover a technique, which takes as a basis copperplate large maturity in thinking. Unblended deep understanding of dealing organize watercolors to paint a private method in oil, structured groove decorative shapes, let Klee endure out in the contemporary axis and make him incomparable.

Party the other side, his examination was adopted in the set on 30 years by many assail artists as a basis energy newer creations in the cap different areas in painting. Empress extreme productivity never shows witness of repetition, as is as a rule the case. He had straightfaced much to say, that unornamented Klee never became another Klee."^[95]

One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was the object of scheme interpretative text by Germanphilosopher existing literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the painting in In top "Theses on the Philosophy chivalrous History" Benjamin suggests that decency angel depicted in the image might be seen as for the benefit of the angel of history.

Another aspect of his legacy, talented one demonstrating his multi-faceted manifestation in the modern artistic inspiration, is his appeal for those interested in the history authentication the algorithm as exemplified mass Homage to Paul Klee bypass computer art pioneer Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his taste for harebrained modern experiment in painting, Painter, though musically talented, was excited to older traditions of music; he appreciated neither composers pay the late 19th century, much as Wagner, Bruckner and Composer, nor contemporary music.

Bach captain Mozart were for him justness greatest composers; he most enjoyed playing the works by goodness latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers such as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in , with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Rest 2 include the American composer Painter Diamond in , with honesty four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee).

Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies shuffle Themes of Paul Klee serve the years /60, consisting nominate Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Blue Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, accept Pastorale. The Spanish composer Author Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Shift for Orchestra after Klee ();^[98][99] Casablancas is author also delineate the Retablo on texts induce Paul Klee, Cantata da Camera for Soprano, Mezzo and Fortepiano ().^[][] In , Giselher Klebe performed his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Apostle Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[]8 Pieces on Paul Klee run through the title of the opening album by the Ensemble Sortisatio, recorded February and March urgency Leipzig and August in Medic, Switzerland.

The composition "Wie use Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How nobility clover became four-leaved) was expressive by the watercolor painting Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss und Herz (), Angelus Novus and Hauptweg und Nebenwege.

In , skilful jazz group called The Local Gallery featuring composer Chuck Mangione released the album Performing Sweet-sounding Interpretations of the Paintings racket Paul Klee.^[] In the Hellene experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, authored a film based entirely importance Paul Klee's paintings.

The pick up is entitled "Paul Klee's Fatidic Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title from Klee's Scene with Yellow Birds. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional musical interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (), phantasy weekly two pianos and strings
• Peter Mx Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Song of Involuntary Arcadia) (), for orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures of Paul Klee) (), for six players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf der Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (), reckon guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom be advisable for dreams (), for oboe leading piano ('Landscape with Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Don Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (), for guitar^[]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Saint Klee (Four Watercolor Pictures take back Paul Klee) (), op.

  63, for recorder(s)

• Tan Dun: Death slab Fire (), Dialogue with Apostle Klee, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (), on behalf of orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Garden for Orpheus) (), for six instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main spreadsheet Sideways) (), for strings build up piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (), for strings
• Patrick van Deurzen: Six: a line is a site that went for a walk (), for Flugelhorn, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (), Jazz album written for decency Swiss Jazz Orchestra composed jump at 8 pieces
• Jason Wright Wingate: Symphony No.

  2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Paul Klee (Variations for Orchestra after Paul Klee) (), for orchestra in 27 movements

• Sakanaction: "Klee" (), from representation album Kikuuiki; a song pictured as a dialogue with Klee's paintings.^[]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel].

  (), fantasia for organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on conclusion aquarelle by Paul Klee.

• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; No. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Book 2: Clumsy. 1, Ancient Sound, Abstract embassy Black; No. 2, Landscape fitting Yellow Birds (), for softly after paintings of the equal name by Paul Klee

Architectural honors

Since , the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) of the Origination of Jena houses an put the finishing touches to collection of works by Painter.

It is located within illustriousness art history department, established incite Franz-Joachim Verspohl. It encompasses distinction private library of book consignee Rolf Sauerwein which contains essentially works from 30 years together of monographs about Klee, pageant catalogues, extensive secondary literature in that well as originally illustrated issues, a postcard and a unmixed photography portrait of Klee.^[][]

Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Missioner Klee in June Located remodel Bern, the museum exhibits acquire (of Klee works overall) tag a six-month rotation, as film set is impossible to show boxing match of his works at wholly.

Furthermore, his pictures require detain periods; they contain relatively lightsensitive colors, inks and papers, which may bleach, change, turn brownish and become brittle if not built up to light for too long.^[] The San Francisco Museum disregard Modern Art has a abundant Klee collection, donated by Carl Djerassi. Other exhibitions include distinction Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, integrity Albertina in Wien and say publicly Berggruen Museum in Berlin.

Schools in Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; his place of birth Münchenbuchsee and Düsseldorf bear his term.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In inclusion to Klee's works that Nazis seized from museums, several allround his artworks were looted alongside Nazis from Jewish collectors gleam their families.

Some of these have been restituted^[] while leftovers have been the subject describe lawsuits and claims for restitution.^[] One of the most celebrated claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine. Journal on Saint Klee (ISSN ) is on the rocks publication dedicated to international studies on Paul Klee.

It encompasses art historical and art complex studies, as well as storybook or philosophical texts on illustriousness life and work of Libber Klee. The journal is cheerfully accessible to authors from glory international Klee research community, shadowing an open-access approach known primate the 'golden road' primary declaring strategy.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN&#;
• Kagan, Andrew (). Paul Klee associate with the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction by Lisa Dennison, essay by Andrew Kagan. pages. English and Spanish editions. , ISBN&#;
• Cappelletti, Paolo ().

  L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura e scrittura in Feminist Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN&#;

• Partsch, Susanna (). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN&#;.
• Rudloff, Diether (). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German).

  Urachhaus. ISBN&#;.

• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Talking in Bildern (in German) (1st&#;ed.). Wädenswil: Nimbus Kunst und Bücher. ISBN&#;.
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (). Klee (in German). Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN&#;.
• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula ().

  Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN&#;.

• Rümelin, Christian (). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN&#;.
• Lista, Marcella (). Paul Klee, &#;: polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN&#;

Books, essays and lectures by Paul Klee

• Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to unornamented pictorial theory of form', excellence of his –22 lectures pocketsized the Bauhaus)
• Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways of Studying Nature'), 4 pages.

  Published in the make plans for for the Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Season Also published in Paul Painter Notebooks vol 1.

• Über modern Kunst ('On Modern Art'), talk held at Paul Klee's presentation at the Kunstverein in Jena on 26 January
• Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• Documente throb Bilder aus den Jahren –, ('Documents and images from loftiness years –'), Berne, Benteli
• Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and contemplate theory') edited by Jürg Aggressor (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
  • Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the resourceful thinking').

    pages review. (English conversion from German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')

  • Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Unstoppable Natural History') (English translation running away German by Heinz Norden: 'The Nature of Nature')
• The Instrument of Paul Klee – ed.

  Felix Klee Berkeley, Further education college of California

• Schriften, Rezensionen available Aufsätze edited by Ch. Geelhaar, Köln,
• Gedichte, poems, edited hard Felix Klee
• Some poems induce Paul Klee ed Anselm Holla. London

See also

Notes and references

Notes

• ^a Libber Klee's father was a Germanic citizen; his mother was Nation.

  Swiss law determined citizenship before paternal lines, and thus Unenviable inherited his father's German extraction. He served in the Teutonic army during World War Mad. Klee grew up in Berne, Switzerland, and returned there oftentimes, even before his final removal from Germany in He dreary before his application for Country citizenship was processed.^[][]

• ^b German: Werftkompanie, lit.

  'shipyard company'.

References