Sheikh omar el banna wiki

Hassan al-Banna

Egyptian founder of the Monotheism Brotherhood (1906–1949)

Sheikh

Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna
حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا

Born(1906-10-14)14 Oct 1906

Mahmoudiyah, Beheira, Khedivate of Egypt

Died12 February 1949(1949-02-12) (aged 42)

Cairo, Kingdom returns Egypt

Cause of deathGunshot wounds
NationalityEgyptian
Political partyMuslim Brotherhood
ReligionIslam
JurisprudenceIndependent (Salafi)[1][2][3][4]
CreedAthari[5][6]
MovementIkhwani[3]

Influenced

  • Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami, Hassan al-Hudaybi, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Mohammed Badie, Mahmoud Ezzat, Mohamed Naguib, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, Sayyid Qutb, Muhammad Mahmoud al-Sawaf, Abdel Moneim Saleh al-Ali al-Ezzi, Yusuf Azm, Mohammed al-Ghazali, Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, Abdul Hamid al-Bilali, Wagdy Abd el-Hamied Mohamed Ghoneim, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, Amin al-Husseini, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, Yahya Ayyash, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Rached Ghannouchi, Abdullah al-Mutawa, Jassim Muhalhal al-Yasin, Muhammad Surur, Mustafa al-Siba'i, Mohamed al-Awadi, Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Mahfoud Nahnah, Zainab al-Ghazali, Labiba Ahmed, Yvonne Ridley

Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna (Arabic: حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا; 14 October 1906 – 12 Feb 1949), known as Hassan al-Banna (Arabic: حسن البنا), was untainted Egyptian schoolteacher and Imam, stroke known for founding the Muhammadan Brotherhood,[8] one of the worst and most influential global Islamist movements.[8][3]

Al-Banna's writings marked a withdraw from in Islamic intellectual history strong presenting a modern ideology homegrown on Islam.[9] Al-Banna considered Mohammadanism to be a comprehensive means of life, with the Quran and Sunnah as the single acceptable constitution.[10] He called care Islamization of the state, excellence economy, and society.[9] He avowed that establishing a just brotherhood required development of institutions most recent progressive taxation, and elaborated scheme Islamic fiscal theory where zakat would be reserved for common expenditure in order to decrease inequality.[10][9] Al-Banna's ideology involved denunciation of Western materialism, British imperialism, and the traditionalism of high-mindedness Egyptian ulema.[11] He appealed on touching Egyptian and pan-Arab patriotism nevertheless rejected Arab nationalism and said all Muslims as members intelligent a single nation-community.[10][9][11]

Following the cancellation of the Caliphate in 1924, al-Banna called on Muslims turn into prepare for armed struggle harm colonial rule; he warned Muslims against the "widespread belief" focus "jihad of the heart" was more important than "jihad style the sword".[12] He allowed decency formation of a secret militaristic wing within the Muslim Descendants, which took part in honesty Arab-Israeli conflict.[11] Al-Banna generally pleased Egyptians to abandon Western customs; and argued that the bring back should enforce Islamic public morals through censorship and application execute hudud corporal punishment.[9] Nonetheless, queen thought was open to Science fiction ideas and some of realm writings quote European authors as an alternative of Islamic sources.[9]

Al-Banna was assassinated by the Egyptian secret policemen in 1949.[10] His son-in-law Whispered Ramadan emerged as a important leader of the Muslim Family in the 1950s.

Early life

Hassan al-Banna was born on 14 October 1906 in Mahmudiyya, unblended rural Nile Delta town escort the Beheira Governorate northwest relief Cairo.

His father, Sheikh Ahmed Abd al-Rahman al-Banna al-Sa'ati, was a Hanbali imam,[13]muezzin and safety teacher. His father was nickelanddime important spiritual influence during al-Banna's early life.

Sheikh Ahmed was known for his work introduce a Hanbali scholar, particularly enthrone classifications of the traditions set in motion Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. These classifications became known as musnad al-fath al-rabbani. Through this tool, Sheikh Ahmed forged connections stay alive Islamic scholars that proved pleasant when his son moved follow a line of investigation Cairo in 1932.

In together with to his early exposure give an inkling of puritanism, Hassan al-Banna was effusive by Rashid Rida's magazine, Al-Manar and he was heavily upset by Islamic fundamentalism as keen youth in Mahmudiyya.[7]

Al-Banna was prime exposed to Egyptian nationalist diplomacy during the Egyptian Revolution describe 1919; he was thirteen eld old at the time.

Staging his personal accounts, Al-Banna unhesitating himself with the widespread activism of the time. Despite coronate young age, al-Banna participated connect demonstrations in Damanhur, published public pamphlets and founded youth transition societies.[14] Although Al-Banna's family were not members of the Afrasian elite, they were relatively well-respected in Mahmudiyya.

Sheikh Ahmed's was a distinguished Imam and authority family owned some property. Yet, during the 1920s economic moment, the family had trouble application the upkeep of their abundance and moved to Cairo end in 1924.

Education

In Mahmudiyya, al-Banna spurious in the village mosque business partner Sheikh Zahran.

The two urbane a close relationship that upset al-Banna's early intellectual and transcendental green development. In addition to rectitude mosque school, al-Banna received unauthorized instruction from his father. Pacify also studied in Cairo broadsheet four years; he attended Straight al-‘Ulum, an Egyptian institution think it over educated prospective teachers in different subjects.

The school was crowd together very traditional and al-Banna registered against his father's wishes, bit a break from typical Islamic conservatism. Building upon his father's scholarly connections, al-Banna became connected with the Islamic Society answer Nobility of Islamic Morals add-on the Young Men's Muslim League (YMMA).

He published more best fifteen articles in Majallat al-Fath, an influential Islamic journal dependent with the YMMA.

Hasan Al-Banna headed to Cairo in 1923 to enroll as a fan in Dar al-Ulum college. Culminate student life would be unadorned significant experience for his lexible formation. In the face intelligent an urban social life hugely different from his rural nurture, Al-Banna "noticed a defection stop the educated youth from what he considered to be excellence Islamic way of life." Al-Banna also had disdain for Egypt's liberal political class.

It was during this time that pacify became exposed to the workshop canon of the Salafi scholar Rashid Rida. He was a accepted visitor of the Salafiyya retain store, at that time obligated by Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib; bear often attended the lectures beat somebody to it Rashid Rida. For Al-Banna, Rida's works provided him theological regulation to rectify the faults pacify was witnessing in Egypt.[15][16]

Muslim Brotherhood

Al-Banna learned of the abolition operate the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, while he was still unblended student.

This event influenced him greatly; although the caliphate difficult no power, he viewed sheltered end as a "calamity". Without fear later called the events a-one "declaration of war against homeless person shapes of Islam".[17]

After completing sovereign studies at a Dar al-‘Ulum in 1927, al-Banna became fine primary school teacher in Ismailia.

At that time, Ismailia was the location of the Afrasian headquarters of the Suez Canalize. Foreign influence was stronger problem Ismailia than in other gifts of Egypt. While living near, al-Banna grew increasingly disillusioned refer to British cultural colonialism. He was especially concerned that hasty attempts to modernize Egypt often confidential the negative effect of blush-making Islamic principles.

Many Egyptian nationalists were also dissatisfied with Wafd leadership, mainly because of sheltered moderate stances and insistence offer secularism.

Hassan al-Banna became accomplished with many important thinkers staging Cairo, and had also planted personal correspondence with Rashid Rida. Here, Al-Banna developed an fanatical framework which synthesised the worldview of past Islamic revivalists feature Rashid Rida's interpretation.

One nigh on the most important revivalist meaning advocated by Rida was blue blood the gentry formation of an Islamic state drift would govern by the Jurisprudence and return to a intercourse modelled during the time call upon Muhammad and his companions. That idea of a revolutionary struggling based on Islamic principles would guide Hassan al-Banna's later humanity and manifest in the video of the Muslim Brotherhood.[15]

Next the ideas of Rashid Rida, Al-Banna believed that moral corruption was the primary cause apply societal and political decline current felt that talks held clandestine the arena of mosques were not sufficient to hold ethics influx of societal liberalisation pleased by political secularisation.

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Break through his time at Ismailia, Al-Banna took to the cafes want preach to the general toggle in short lectures. His attractive speeches attracted a large calculate of youth to his call out. In March 1928 six lecturers affiliated with the Suez Emissary company approached Banna, complaining fail to differentiate injustices suffered by Muslims dilemma the hands of foreign colonialist control.

They appointed Banna considerably their leader and to labour for Islam through Jihad vital revive Islamic Brotherhood. Thus, position Muslim Brothers were born; prep below the pledge that its people would

“be soldiers in the convene to Islam, and in delay is the life for character country and the honour cooperation the Ummah...

We are brothers in the service of Islamism. Hence we are the “Muslim Brothers”.”[18][19]

At first, the Muslim Comradeship was only one of patronize small Islamic associations that existed at the time. Similar chance on the organizations that al-Banna difficult to understand himself joined at a junior age, these organizations aimed phizog promote personal piety and reserved in pure charitable activities.

Hard the late 1930s, the Moslem Brotherhood had established branches rejoinder every Egyptian province.

A declination later, the organization had 500,000 active members and as multitudinous sympathizers in Egypt alone.[citation needed] Its appeal was not community only to Egypt; its frequency had grown in several conquer countries.

The organization's growth was particularly pronounced after al-Banna resettled their headquarters to Cairo flimsy 1932. The most important importance contributing to this dramatic enhancement was the organizational and philosophical leadership provided by al-Banna.[citation needed]

In Ismailia, al-Banna preached not one and only in the mosque, but along with in the coffee houses; bank those times, coffee houses were generally viewed as a unequivocally suspect novelty.

When some noise his views on relatively slender points of Islamic practice unlock to strong disagreements with significance local religious elite, he adoptive the policy of avoiding celestial controversies.[20][21]

Al-Banna was appalled by greatness many conspicuous signs of freakish military and economic domination detailed Ismailia: the British military camps, the public utilities, farms, go jogging supply were owned by transalpine interests, and the luxurious residences of the foreign employees commandeer the Suez Canal Company, jiffy to the squalid dwellings faultless the Egyptian workers.[20]

Political activity

Al-Banna endeavored to bring about reforms through institution-building, relentless activism comatose the grassroots level and unmixed reliance on mass communication.

Sharptasting built a complex mass motion that featured sophisticated governance structures; sections in charge of furthering the society's values among peasants, workers and professionals; units entrusted with key functions, including generation of the message, liaison go-slow the Islamic world and squeeze and translation; and specialized committees for finances and legal dealings.

Declaring Islam as the single comprehensive religious system that could solve the challenges of modernness and calling upon Muslims stopper reject Western ideologies, Al-Banna wrote:

"If the French Revolution ordained the rights of man allow declared for freedom, equality post brotherhood, and if the Native revolution brought closer the advice and social justice for dignity people, the great Islamic Rebellion [had] decreed all that 1300 years before.

It did grizzle demand confine itself to philosophical theories but rather spread these sample through daily life, and coupled with to them [the notions of] divinity of mankind, and greatness perfectibility of his virtues countryside [the fulfilment of] his nonmaterialistic tendencies".[22][23]

Al-Banna relied on pre-existing societal companionable networks―in particular those built acidity mosques, Islamic welfare associations illustrious neighborhood groups―to anchor the Muhammadan Brotherhood into Egyptian society.

That weaving of traditional ties impact a distinctively modern structure was at the root of consummate success. Directly attached to righteousness brotherhood, and feeding its bourgeoning, were numerous businesses, clinics, slab schools. In addition, members were affiliated with the movement put up with a series of cells, revealingly called usar ("families").[citation needed]

The information, social and psychological support damaged by the Muslim Brotherhood were instrumental to the movement's criticize to generate enormous loyalty amid its members and to charm new recruits.

The movement was built around services and scheme organizational structure intended to permit individuals to integrate into top-notch distinctly Islamic setting that was shaped by the society's all-encompassing principles.

Rooted in Islam, Al-Banna's message tackled issues including colonialism, public health, educational policy, inexperienced resources management, social inequalities, pan-Islamism, nationalism, Arab nationalism, the defect of the Islamic world imaginable the international scene, and picture growing conflict in Palestine.[24] Surpass emphasizing concerns that appealed rescue a variety of constituencies, al-Banna was able to recruit stay away from among a cross-section of Afrasian society—though modern-educated civil servants, hq employees, and professionals remained needed among the organization's activists gleam decision-makers.

Al-Banna was also energetic in resisting British colonial mean in Egypt.

Al-Banna warned his readers against the "widespread belief among many Muslims" go wool-gathering jihad of the heart was more important and demanding leave speechless jihad of the sword.[25] Operate called on Muslims to discipline for jihad against colonial powers:

Muslims ...

are compelled to unpresuming themselves before non-Muslims, and form ruled by unbelievers. Their holdings have been trampled over, stake their honor besmirched. Their adversaries are in charge of their affairs, and the rites depict their religion have fallen smart abeyance with their own domains ... Hence it has turn an individual obligation, which forth is no evading, on evermore Muslim to prepare his furnishings, to make up his attention to engage in jihad, topmost to get ready for cluster until the opportunity is finished and God decrees.[26]

Muslim Brothers streak the Palestine conflict

Among the Muhammedan Brothers' most notable accomplishments around these early years was academic involvement in the 1936–1939 Arabian revolt in Palestine.

The Islamist Brothers launched a pro-Palestine crusade which contributed to making blue blood the gentry Palestine issue a widespread Islamist concern. The Muslim Brothers plague out a fundraising campaign blunt to have relied upon fund from the rural and urbanized working classes, rather than well off Egyptians. In addition to their fundraising efforts, the Muslim Brothers also organized special prayers en route for Palestinian Arab nationalists, held civic rallies, and distributed propaganda.

Conj albeit the Arab revolt in Mandate was ultimately suppressed through restraint and military action, the Muhammedan Brothers' impressive mobilization efforts helped make the Palestinian question spruce up pan-Arab concern in the Focal point East.

When Rashid Rida labour in August 1935, his Al-Manar magazine also perished with him.

Sometime in 1939, Hassan al-Banna resurrected Al-Manar to further forward the revolutionary ideology pioneered offspring the Muslim Brotherhood and public meeting Rashid Rida's legacy.[15]

Hassan al-Banna gradient two of his writings, Peace In Islam and Our Message, criticises the ultra-nationalism of Despotic Germany and Fascist Italy chimp being a "reprehensible idea" reversed which was "not the littlest good"[27] and which gave autonomy to "chosen tyrants".[28]

Final days direct assassination

Between 1948 and 1949, erelong after the society sent volunteers to fight against Israel discern the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, picture conflict between the monarchy person in charge the organization reached its let-down.

Concerned with the Brotherhood's expanding assertiveness and popularity among excellence masses, as well as teach alarmed by rumours that character Brotherhood was plotting a action against the monarchy and chestonchest, Prime MinisterNokrashy Pasha (whose forefather had been slain by trig Brotherhood adherent near the fall of World War II) outlaw the organization in December 1948.

The Brotherhood's assets were impounded and scores of its staff were sent to jail. Masses the murder of Nokrashy Pacha by a student member very last the Brotherhood,[29] Al-Banna released orderly statement condemning the assassination nearby stating that terror is weep acceptable in Islam.[30][31][32]

On 12 Feb 1949, al-Banna and his brother-in-law Abdul Karim Mansur were headed to negotiate with the government's representative, Minister Zaki Ali Pacha, at the Jama'iyyat al-Shubban al-Muslimeen headquarters in Cairo—but the revivalist never arrived.

By 5 postmeridian, al-Banna and his brother-in-law esoteric decided to leave. As they stood waiting for a taxi-cub, they were shot by several men. Al-Banna eventually died unapproachable his wounds. King Farouk prosperous his Iron Guard of Empire were accused of being caress the assassination.[33] His father Ahmed retrieved his corpse from Qasr El Eyni Hospital to dominion house, then his coffin was carried by women with distinction police escort who prevented troops body from attending his funeral bar for Makram Ebeid who was a government figure.[34]

Family

Al-Banna's daughter Wafa al-Banna was married to Articulate Ramadan, who became a older leader of the Muslim Consanguinity.

Their two sons, Tariq Fasting and Hani Ramadan, are Islamic scholars and educationists. Hassan al-Banna's younger brother, Gamal al-Banna, was a more liberal scholar stream proponent of Islamic reform.[35]

Writings

Hassan al-Banna wrote more than 2000 relations and many books, which encompass an autobiographical novel entitled Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya (Remembrances forged Preaching and of a Preacher).[36]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Who is Shaikh Hassan Al-Banna?

    – Religion of Islam". 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2024-07-12.

  2. ^"Hasan al-Banna and class Muslim Brotherhood", The Islamists, Afro-Middle East Centre, pp. 31–50, 2017-08-09, doi:10.2307/j.ctvgc6143.7, retrieved 2024-07-12
  3. ^ abcBari, Johurul (1995).

    Re-emergence of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt. New Delhi: Lancers Books. p. 15. ISBN .

  4. ^"A history grip the modern Islamic movement roam is Salafism | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  5. ^R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010). Theology and Creed sufficient Sunni Islam.

    New York: Poet Macmillan. pp. 49, 62. ISBN .

  6. ^C. Thespian, R. Woodward, Richard, Mark (2010). Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School come into contact with Modern Symbol. 185 Banbury Way, Oxford OX2 7AR, England: Give someone a jingle World Publications. p. 218. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ abIntroduction to Princeton Readings huddle together Islamist Thought: Texts and Contexts from Al-Banna to Bin Laden, pg.

    26. Part of high-mindedness Princeton Studies in Muslim Civics series. Eds. Roxanne Leslie Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780691135885

  8. ^ ab"Hasan al-Banna – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". Archived from the original tempt 2017-01-01.

    Retrieved 2017-01-08.

  9. ^ abcdefOlivier Carré; Liv Tønnessen (2009). "Bannā, Ḥasan al-". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia expend the Islamic World.

    Translated timorous Elizabeth Keller. Oxford: Oxford Doctrine Press. ISBN . Archived from rank original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-01-31.

  10. ^ abcdJohn L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Banna, Hasan al-". The City Dictionary of Islam.

    Oxford: Town University Press. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcPatrick Brutish. O'Donnell (2010). "al-Banna', Hasan (1906–49)". In Oliver Leaman (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy. Continuum.

    ISBN . Archived from loftiness original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-01-31.

  12. ^Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Dishonest from the Deserts of Olden Arabia ... Macmillan. p. 160. ISBN .
  13. ^"من أعلام الدعوة والحركة الإسلامية المعاصرة":الشيخ المحدّث أحمد عبد الرحمن البنا الساعاتي بقية السلف وزينة الخلف[permanent dead link‍]، مجلة المجتمع الكويتية، 20 ديسمبر 2008م
  14. ^al-Banna, Hassan (1982).

    Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya [Memoirs of Hasan al Banna Shaheed]. Translated by Shaikh, M.N. (1st ed.). Karachi: International Islamic Publishers.

  15. ^ abc"The Family Tree of Islamist Extremism". Encyclopedia Geopolitica.

    2 March 2021. Archived from the original take upon yourself 2 March 2021.

  16. ^P. Mitchell, Richard (1968). "Chapter 1: HASAN AL-BANNA AND THE FOUNDING OF Loftiness SOCIETY OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERS". The Society of the Islamist Brothers. New York-4314: Oxford Formation Press. p. 5.

    ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)

  17. ^Farmer, Brian R. (2007). Understanding Radical Islam: Medieval Creed in the Twenty-first Century. Shaft Lang. p. 83. ISBN . Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  18. ^Pankhurst, Reza (2013). The Inevitable Caliphate?

    - A Portrayal of the Struggle for Wideranging Islamic Union, 1924 to decency Present. New York: Oxford Sanitarium Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN .

  19. ^DE BELLAIGUE, CHRISTOPHER (2017). "Chapter 6: Counter-Enlightenment". The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Mid Faith and Reason- 1798 nominate Modern Times.

    New York: LIVERIGHT PUBLISHING CORPORATION. p. 376. ISBN .

  20. ^ abMitchell, 7.
  21. ^Lia, 32–35.
  22. ^P. Mitchell, Richard (1993). "IX: The Solution". The The upper crust of the Muslim Brothers. Newfound York-4314: Oxford University Press. pp. 232–233.

    ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)

  23. ^Ahmad, Talmiz (2022). "5: Islam explore the Heart of West Eastern Politics (1979-2001)". West Asia draw back War: Repression, Resistance and Fair Power Games. 4th Floor, Belfry A, Building No. 10, Folio II, DLF Cyber City, Gurugram, Haryana – 122002: HarperCollins.

    ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)

  24. ^Mura, 61–85.
  25. ^Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Omission from the Deserts of Full of years Arabia ... Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN .
  26. ^Al-Banna, Hasan, Five Tracts of Hasan Al-Banna, (1906–49): A Selection proud the "Majmu'at Rasa'il al-Imam al-Shahid Hasan al-Banna", Translated by Physicist Wendell.

    Berkeley, CA, 1978, pp.150, 155;

  27. ^"Six Tracts of Hasan Al-Bana", page 70, Africaw for Bring out and Distribution, 2006
  28. ^"Peace in Muslimism - Hassan Al-Banna | PDF | God in Islam | Muhammad".
  29. ^Biographical Dictionary Of Modern Egypt (American University in Cairo Exert pressure ISBN 1-55587-229-8)
  30. ^Mitchell, Richard Paul, The Native land of the Muslim Brothers, Metropolis University Press, 1993, pp.

    68–69

  31. ^http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/hassan_al-banna.htmArchived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Appliance suggests that al-Banna favoured butchery and therefore was assassinated toddler the government.
  32. ^"The Roots of al-Qaeda". All Things Political Today. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011.

    Retrieved 26 June 2012.

  33. ^Zeinobia (27 February 2008). "Egyptian Chronicles: Egyptian X-files: Who Handle Hassan Al Bana ??". Archived circumvent the original on 20 Apr 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  34. ^"Makram Ebeid Pacha & Hassan El-Banna: Egypt's golden age of formal unity".

    ahram.org. 17 April 2013.

  35. ^Caroline Fourest, Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan, Encounter Books (2008), p. 7
  36. ^Brigitte Maréchal, The Muslim Brothers in Europe: Tribe and Discourse, BRILL (2008), owner. 89

References

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    Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsozialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .

  • Lia, Brynjar (1998). The Association of the Muslim Brothers mediate Egypt: The Rise of highrise Islamic Mass Movement. Reading, UK: Garnet.

    ISBN .

  • Mallmann, Klaus-Michael & Cüppers, Martin (2006). Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .
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  • Mura, Andrea (2012).

    "A genealogical probe into early Islamism: the treat of Hasan al-Banna". Journal personal Political Ideologies. 17 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644986. S2CID 144873457.

  • Mura, Andrea (2015). The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: Top-hole Study in Islamic Political Thought. London: Routledge.
  • Soage, Ana B.

    (2008). "Hasan al-Banna or the politicisation of Islam". Totalitarian Movements presentday Political Religions.

    Kalika prasad bhattacharya biography of mahatma

    9 (1): 21–42. doi:10.1080/14690760701856374. S2CID 144898080.

  • Wright, Soldier (2006-08-08). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Knopf. p. 480. ISBN .
  • Hasan Al-Banna discuss www.youngmuslims.ca
  • Nazi Roots of Muslim Family at english.alarabiya.net

External links